chapter two questions

questions on the exam

within the periodic table, elements are organized consecutively by

atomic number within rows

radioisotopes contain

and excess of nuetrons

two atoms that differ only in the number of neutrons they contain are known as

isotopes

On a periodic table, beryllium sits above magnesium and to the right of lithium. given that magnesium has two electrons in its outer shell and lithium has one, how many electrons would you predict beryllium has in its outer shell?

two

the number of neutrons in an atom can be determined by

subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass

when elements found in column VIA of the periodic table become ions, they usually have a charge of

-2

when atoms of elements on the left side of the periodic table ionize, they tend to

lose electrons and therefore become cations

MgCl2 fully dissociates into Mg2+ and Cl- ions when mixed with water. Therefore, the bonds between Mg2+ and Cl- can be described as

ionic

in the formation of a compound of sodium chloride

a sodium atom donates an electron to a chlorine atom

in the formation of an ionic bond between Na and Cl to form common table salt, sodium (Na) blanks an electron and chlorine (Cl) blanks an electron

loses; gains

if an ionic compound formed between an element from the first column of the periodic table and another from the sixth column, you would expect the compound to include

two atoms from the fist-column element and one atom from the sixth-column element

the molecular formula for bicarbonate ion is HCO3-. it is therefore a

polyatomic anion

water contains two hydrogen atoms bond to one oxygen atom; H20, is therefore water’s

molecular formula

if an element from the first column of the periodic table entered into a covalent bond with one from the sixth column, then the bond would be a

polar, with the element from the sixth column developing a partial negative charge

the molecular formula of chlorine gas is Cl2. One molecule of this gas would be attracted to another by

intermolecular forces between nonpolar molecules

an individual hydrogen bond in a sample of water would be described as

weak and intermolecular

fatty acids consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen, and so fatty acids are

nonpolar and do not dissolve in water

consider an atom with four electrons in its outer shell. if that atom is covalently bound to three other atoms within a molecule, then it is

in a dbl bound with one, and in a single bond with two

hydrogen bonds form between molecules containing blank bonds; the hydrogen bond is between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a partially blank charged atom of another

polar covalent; negatively

what is the number of covalent bonds that an atom of nitrogen can form within a molecule?

3 bonds

when a strong acid is placed in water, it

dissolves and dissociates

an individual water molecule contains blank atoms and enters into blank hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

three: four

in a water molecule, each oxygen can form up to blank hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

two

the hydrogen bonds in a sample of water result in blank cohesion and a blank heat of vaporation

increased; high

water has a

high specific heat, and this tends to keep the body temperature relatively constant

chemical barriers composed of phospholipids bilayers form with biological systems because

hydrophobic exclusions results in the close positioning of the nonpolar tails

surfactant is necessary to prevent collapse of the alveoli in the lung because in it absence water molecules

are more strongly attracted to each other by cohesive forces

in a sample of distilled water, a water molecule that has picked up an extra hydrogen ion is called

hydronium ion

bicarbonate (HCO3-) is a

weak proton acceptor

compared to a solution with a pH of 7, a solution with a pH is 4

more acidic and has a 1,000 fold increase in (H+)

how many osmoles are in a solution of 1M NaOH?

2 osm

an emulsion is classified as a specific type of

colloid

given that the mass of an oxygen atom is 16 amu abd that hydrogen atom is 1 amu, 1 mole of water would be equal to

18 grams

what is a solute within a solution

solutes are not visible, do not scatter light, ad do not settle if solution is left standing

a mixture of protein and water scatters light, and the protein particles don’t settle. this mixture is called

colloid

like most functional groups, carboxyl groups are

polar and therefore increase a biomolecules solubility in water

nucleic acids are made up of

nucleotides joined by covalent, phosphodiester bonds

the most common lipids in the body are

triglycerides, and they are used for energy storage in adipose

when biological molecules engage in condensation, such reactions are blank reactions

sythesis

hemoglobin in blood, components of the cytoskeleton, and enzymes in the digestive sytem are all examples of

proteins

which of the following list describes three of the main functions served by proteins?

sythesis and digestion reactions, protection, and movement

three parts of the nucleotide

a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

while a runner is in a marathon, their liver will have to free stored energy to keep blood sugar level stable, the live will liberate this energy by

glycogenolysis

atp is a nucleotide that is composed of

adenine, ribose, and three covalently bonded phosphate groups

for every atom of carbon in a carbonhydrate

there is approximately two atoms of hydrogen

which statement accurately describes amino acids?

there are twenty varieties, with each type having a different R group

an accurate description of hydrocarbons

they are nonpolar molecules

proteins are

polymers made up of amino acid monomers

two fatty acids within a phospholipid molecule make up its

nonpolar tails

the simple sugar glucose is an example of a

monosaccharide

the first amino acid put in place when a protein is being synthesized at a ribosome is

methionione

when two or more polypeptide chains come together to give a protein its ultimate shape, that structure is called:

quaternary

Polar R groups of closely positioned amino acids often enter into blank with each other, which helps give a protein its three-dimensional shape.

hydrogen bonds

in some proteins, an ionic bond may form between an amino acid with

a positive R group and an amino acid with a negative R group

list that contains all four types of amino acids

charged, polar, nonpolar, and those with special functions