Unit 9: Civil War & Reconstruction

Confederacy

The eleven states that seceded from the Union (VA, NC, SC, GA, FL, TN, AL, MS, AR, LA, TX)

Union

The free states that remained loyal to the United States government (ME, NY, NH, VT, MA, CT, RI, PA, NJ, OH, IN, IL, KS, MI, WI, MN, IA, CA, NV, & OR)

Civil War

A war between people of the same country

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Border States

The slave states that stayed loyal to the Union (Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, West Virginia)

Union Capital

Washington, D.C.

Confederate Capital

Richmond, Virginia

Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War (Confederate victory)

Anaconda Plan

Union plan to 1) block southern ports, 2) control the Mississippi River, and 3) capture Richmond

Confederate Strategy

1) Ally with France and England, 2) Defend the South, 3) Attack Washington, D.C.

Rifle

a long gun that could shoot farther distances and load more than one bullet at a time

Telegraph

A device used for long-distance communication over an electric wire; it required knowledge of Morse Code

Balloons

used for terrain (land) observation

Submarine

an underwater ship (the Confederacy used the Hunley to try to break the Union blockade)

Ironclad ships

Warships that were covered with protective iron plates

Railroads

This form of transportation was important for armies to transport people and supplies

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War and founder of the American Red Cross

Amputations

A medical procedure where a body part is removed; this was a common medical practice during the Civil War

Attack of Fort Sumter

Confederate forces attacked a Union military base; this started the Civil War (Confederate victory)

Battle of Antietam

Fought in Maryland, this was the bloodiest DAY of the Civil War (Union victory)

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army

The Emancipation Proclamation

Executive order issued by President Lincoln saying that enslaved people in rebelling Confederate states would be free; it also said the Union army would create Black military units

Siege of Vicksburg

Union attack on Vicksburg, Mississippi; the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after this siege

Battle of Gettysburg

Fought in Pennsylvania, this was the bloodiest MULTI-DAY battle of the Civil War (Union victory)

Gettysburg Address

272-word speech given by President Lincoln to honor those who died at the Battle of Gettysburg

54th Massachusetts

All-Black regiment from Boston that bravely attacked Fort Wagner

Richmond Bread Riot

Due to high inflation, bread became very expensive and the women of Richmond rioted.

Habeas Corpus

Lincoln and Davis both suspended this during the Civil War; they threw people in jail without formally charging them with a crime

Northern factories

Experience economic growth (made $$) during the Civil War because they produced weapons, uniforms, and other supplies

Ulysses S. Grant

Union General who led the Siege of Vicksburg and Petersburg

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union general who led a destructive March to the Sea

Forty acres and a mule

William Tecumseh Sherman's Special Field Order that promised formerly enslaved Americans forty acres of land and a mule

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan; Lincoln wins

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln's SECOND vice president

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

A speech given by Lincoln that discussed healing the nation's wounds and creating a lasting peace

Siege of Petersburg

Nine-month military attack on Petersburg, Virginia

Fall of Richmond

The Union finally gained control of the Confederate capital

Battle of Appomattox Court House

Final battle of the Civil War (Union victory)

Juneteenth

On June 19, 1865, enslaved people in Galveston, Texas, were informed by Union soldiers that they were free.

Assassination of President Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth shot and killed President Lincoln at Ford's Theater on April 14, 1865

Reconstruction Goals

1) ensure rights for newly freed slaves, 2) have all the southern states rejoin the Union, 3) rebuild the South

Andrew Johnson

17th president

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

In order to rejoin the Union, former Confederate states had to write a new state constitution, elect a new state government, repeal acts of secession, cancel its war debt, and approve the 13th amendment

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Everyone born in the U.S. is automatically a citizen and is protected by the law

15th Amendment

Black men have the right to vote

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization created to support freedmen post-war

Military Reconstruction Act

This law divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule

Enforcement Acts

Laws that made it a federal crime to interfere with a citizen's right to vote

Amnesty Act

This law granted forgiveness to Confederates

Poll Tax

A tax people had to pay to vote

Black Codes

Laws limiting the rights of Black Americans

Sharecropping

A system where farmers worked land owned by someone else; the farmer had to give the landowner a majority of the crops (so the farmer struggled to make money)

Election of 1876

Presidential election between Hayes and Tilden that resulted in the end of Reconstruction (U.S. army taken out of the South)

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Supreme Court ruled "separate but equal" is constitutional; this ruling led to segregation

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that segregated public spaces