Unit 9 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress, and Health (MESH)

(David) McClelland

A motivation psychologist who did work on theorizing powerful motivators such as the Fear of Failure and Need for Achievement.

Fear (of) Failure

A Motivator that relies on a person's aversion to Failure.

Achievement

David McClelland's Need for __________________ describes a Motivator that relies on a person's drive to Succeed at a high level (AKA nACH).

Affiliation

David McClelland's Need for __________________ describes a Motivator that relies on the human need for Harmonious Relationships and to feel Accepted by others (AKA nAff).

Power

David McClelland's Need for __________________ describes a Motivator that relies on the human need to Control Others (for their own goals)(AKA nPow).

Intrinsic

__________________ Motivation comes from the Simple Pleasure of doing something.

Extrinsic

___________________ Motivation comes from the promise of an External Reward for doing something.

Industrial Organizational (Psychology)

Psychology that applies motivational principles to boost the Efficiency, Productivity, and Well Being of workers and the companies which employ them (AKA IO Psychology).

Instinct

An Innate, Preprogrammed behavior that is released in response to some Stimulation (AKA Fixed Action Pattern).

Evolutionary (Psychology)

Psychology which proposes that many human behaviors are Genetically Influenced and serve some Adaptive Purpose, helping us Protect and Perpetuate our Genes.

Drive (Reduction) Theory

A Motivational Theory which proposes that we all have Fundamental Needs, such as Hunger, Thirst, Sleep and Sex that must be fulfilled to reach Homeostasis.

Homeostasis

An ideal Internal State of Balance and Equilibrium.

Arousal (Theory)

A Motivational Theory which proposes that we each have a preferred, Optimal Level of Arousal and we act in ways to maintain that.

Yerkes (-) Dodson Law

This states that there is a Relationship between Aroused States, the Difficulty of the Task carried out, and the eventual Performance on that task (i.e. You should be less stressed on a hard test to do well).

Incentive (Theory)

A Motivational Theory that proposes that we are pulled towards behaviors by Extrinsic Rewards/Incentives.

Incentive (Theory)

Which Motivational Theory would Behaviorist B.F. Skinner most likely support as having the strongest impact on motivation?

Cognitive Dissonance (Theory)

A Motivational Theory which proposes that we strive to bring our Thoughts, Attitudes, and Behaviors in agreement with each other.

Humanist(s)

Psychological school of thought that proposes all humans are innately striving to be the best version of themselves that they possibly can be.

(Abraham) Maslow

A Humanist who proposed a Hierarchy of Needs for humans which instructs their Motivations.

Hierarchy (of) Needs

Proposed by Maslow, this theorizes that humans have Needs which they are motivated to satisfy. Some are Crucial for Survival, while others are more Ambitious in terms of life goals.

Self Actualization

The Highest Level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which describes the Desire to reach one's Full Potential as a human.

Esteem

The 4th Level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which involves gaining Respect from others and the self.

Love (and) Belonging

The 3rd Level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which involves developing Strong Relationships and feeling a sense of Companionship with a group of people.

Safety

The 2nd Level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which involves the basic need of Protecting One's Self.

Physiological (Needs)

The 1st Level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs which involves satisfying basic Biological Needs such as Hunger, Thirst, Sleep, and Sex.

Self Determination (Theory)

A Motivational Theory which proposes that humans have Inherent Growth Tendencies and do things out of Instrinsic Motivation. They intuivively seek Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness.

Positive (Psychology)

A Field of Psychology which focuses on how Positive Emotions and attributes contribute to humans Overall Health.

Feel Good do Good (Phenomenon)

The Phenomenon where people are More Likely to Help Others when they are Happy.

F(alse)

True/False: Age, Money, Intelligence, and Children are all shown to have a Strong Impact on Happiness.

T(rue)

True/False: Loving Relationships, Enjoying Work, and Extroversion are shown to have a Strong Impact on Happiness.

Hypothalamus

The Overarching Brain Structure involved in regulating Hunger AND Satiation.

Lateral (Hypothalamus)

The part of the Hypothalamus that tells you when to Eat when you are Hungry.

Ventromedial (Hypothalamus)

The part of the Hypothalamus that tells you to Stop Eating when you are Satiated.

Insulin

A Hormone secreted by the Pancreas which controls Blood Glucose levels.

Increase

An ________________(Increase/Decrease) in Insulin levels would make you More Hungry.

Ghrelin

A Hormone secreted by an Empty Stomach which cues the brain that Food is Needed.

Leptin

A Hormone secreted by Fat Cells and Reduces Appetite.

Set Point (Theory)

The Theory that each person has an Individual Equilibrium for Body Weight and adjusts metabolically to Maintain That Equilibrium.

Settling Point (Theory)

The Theory that each person has a Dynamic Equilibrium for Body Weight that can be Gradually Shifted over time.

External Cue(s)

The Following could be considered __________________ ____________ for Eating:

-Time of Day.

-Availability & Appearance of Food.

-People Around You Eating.

-Involvement in a Social Event Centered Around Eating.

Anorexia Nervosa

An Eating Disorder characterized by Self Starvation and an Excessive Fear of Gaining Weight, largely related to body image.

85

Failure to maintain at least ___% (##) of a Normal Body Weight is the general Threshold for Anorexia.

Bulimia Nervosa

An Eating Disorder characterized by Compulsive Binge Eating followed by Purging (Vomiting/Laxatives). These people usually lie Within or Above a normal weight range.

Human Factors (Psychology)

Psychology where the goal is to design User-Friendly products, machines, and environments.

Hostile (Aggression)

Aggression where the goal is Intentional Injury/Destruction.

Instrumental (Aggression)

Aggression where the act is done as a means of Achieving a Set Goal.

Testosterone

An Increase in the Hormone __________________ is Strongly Correlated with Increased Aggression.

Frustration (-) Aggression Hypothesis

This states that you become Aggressive when you're Frustrated, which comes when something interferes with you Progress/Effort.

T(rue)

True/False: Heat, overcrowding, pain, and alcohol are all linked with Increased Aggression.

Amygdala

This Brain Structure in the Limbic System is most involved in creating Aggressive emotions.

Catharsis

The process of Releasing Stress/Aggression even through non-aggressive behaviors (such as watching American Football).

James (-) Lange Theory

An Emotional Theory which states that emotions are created in response to Physiological Changes. Here, the Autonomic System is at the root of all emotional experiences.

Cannon (-) Bard Theory

An Emotional Theory which states that the Thalamus is at the root of all emotional experiences, and that Sensory Information which arrives at the Thalamus prompts the Sympathetic Nervous System and Cerebral Cortex simultaneously (AKA Thalamic Theory)

Schachter (-) Singer Theory

An Emotional Theory which states that every emotional response requires 2 Factors - the recognition of a Physiological Change AND the Interpretation of that change (AKA Two-Factor Theory).

Polygraph

Another name for a Lie Detector.

Microexpression(s)

Fleeting and almost Imperceptible Expressions that humans make when they Lie.

fMRI

Psychologists can use this method of Brain Imaging to Detect Lies as certain areas of the brain Show Activity.

(Paul) Ekman

The Psychologist who proposed the concept of Microexpressions as well as discovered Cross-Cultural Expressions and Display Rules.

Cross Cultural (Expressions)

Facial Expressions which are displayed Globally no matter the culture, which supports the idea that some expressions are Inborn.

Display (Rules)

Rules which govern How and When we display certain Emotions that are usually Acquired Culturally.

Negative

Humans tend to be able to recognize _____________(Positive/Negative) Expressions Faster.

Facial Feedback (Hypothesis)

The Hypothesis which states that if one Forces a Facial Expression, they will begin to feel the Emotion associated with that expression (which supports the James-Lange Theory).

General Adaptation Syndrome

A phenomenon outlined by Hans Selye which proposes that people go through Three Stages of Stress: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.

Alarm

The First Stage of General Adaptation Syndrome which involves a Fight or Flight reaction to seeing a Threat.

Resistance

The Second Stage of General Adaptation Syndrome which involves an attempt to Fight Off/Cope with the Stressor while your body Maintains the state it was in during Alarm.

Stressor

Something that Causes Stress.

Exhaustion

The Third Stage of General Adaptation Syndrome which is a Depletion of the ability to cope with stress if the Stressor is Not Removed which can lead to things like Immunosupression.

Cognitive Appraisal (Theory)

A Theory proposed by Richard Lazarus which suggests that an Individual's Assessment of the situation is the key to Responding to Stress.

Perceived (Control)

The Feeling that one has the ability to Control Things, particularly in terms of Coping With Stress.

Multiple

A ________________ Approach-Approach Conflict involves Many Different conflicts of this type all in the Same Situation.

Approach (-) Approach

A type of Conflict which involves choosing between two Equally Good things.

Avoidance (-) Avoidance

A type of Conflict which involves choosing between two Equally Bad things.

Approach (-) Avoidance

A type of Conflict which involves choosing something which has Positive but Also Negative attributes.

Sympathetic (Nervous System)

The division of the Nervous System responsible for enacting the Fight or Flight response.

Parasympathetic (Nervous System)

The division of the Nervous System responsible for Reversing the Fight or Flight response and returning the body to Homeostasis.