Chapter 36- New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War (READ DESCRIPTION)

Axis Powers

Alliance that consisted of Japan, Germany, and Italy which was named after the alignment between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

Allied Powers

Alliance consisting of France, Great Britain, the Commonwealth allies, the Soviet Union, China, and the United States

Revisionist Powers

A group that revised the terms of post-Great War peace and confronted nations that were committed to the international system; they were revising for the avoidance of another world war

Rape of Nanjing

Event in which thousands of women were raped by Japanese soldiers, hundreds of thousands were murdered and many homes were burned down in Nanjing

Benito Mussolini

Italian leader who promised to bring glory to Italy through the acquisition of territories denied by the Great War

Spanish Civil War

War in which Italy intervened by overthrowing the republican government and annexing Albania

Adolf Hitler

German leader who took revisionist actions towards the Treaty of Versailles as well as showing a deep hatred towards Jews, communists, and liberals

Anschluss

Meaning "union", referring to the forced union Germany made with Austria in 1938

Sudetenland

The western portion of Czechoslovakia that the Nazis tried to gain control over

Munich Conference

Conference held in September 1938 to discuss how nations outside of the revisionist sphere handle the territorial expansion by aggressive nations

Appeasement

Policy made by European politicians during the Munich conference

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who believed that British and French leaders were conspiring to deflect German aggression toward the Soviet Union

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Agreement signed by Germany and the Soviet Union that stated that the two nations are to not attack each other with promised neutrality

Unterseeboote

German "U-boats: or submarines used in the sea confrontation between Germany and Great Britain

Battle of Britain

Battle between Germany and Britain in which Germany hoped to defeat Great Britain solely through air attacks

Luftwaffe

The German air force, used in the Battle of Britain

Lebensraum

Meaning "living space"; Hitler believed expelling Jews, Slavs, and Bolsheviks could create more living space for resettled Germans

Operation Barbarossa

Code name made by Hitler that referred to the June invasion of the Soviet Union

Stalingrad

City where German armies raced toward after regaining military initiative in June 1942

Pearl Harbor

Harbor in America in which Japanese forces sought to destroy American naval capacity by launching an attack on the harbor

Winston Churchill

Prime minister of Britain who expressed relief after the United States went to war with Japan

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan sought to build this amid the struggle for Asian independence because they had the region's resources

D-Day

June 6, 1944 in which the British and U.S. troops landed on the French coast of Normandy

Iwo Jima

Place in Japan where savage fighting took place

Okinawa

Place in Japan where 110,000 civilians died by refusing to surrender to the United States

Kamikaze

Japanese pilots who flew planes that dive-bombed into Allied ships

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

City in Japan where the United States used its atomic bomb

Manchukuo

One of the territories where Japanese authorities installed puppet governments that served as agents of Japanese rule

Vichy

Government that remained the civilian authority in the unoccupied southeastern part of France

Holocaust

Event that nearly destroyed all European Jews by Germany

Einsatzgruppen

Meaning "action squads"; these groups would kill entire populations of Jews and "gypsies" and non-Jewish slavs

Final Solution

A solution that entailed the attempted murder of every Jew in Europe by evacuating the Jews to camps in eastern Poland

Wannsee Conference

Conference held on January 20, 1942 so that Nazi bureaucrats could implement the final solution

Aushwitz

Jew camp that would kill Jews in mass through gas chambers

WAVES

"Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service in the navy" which encouraged women to join war industries

Comfort Women

Women who were forced into the imperial prostitution service and were forced to cater to 20-30 men daily

Cold War

War that was a confrontation for global influence between the United States and the Soviet Union

United Nations

A supranational organization established in 1945 to keep world peace and security

Truman Doctrine

Doctrine made by president Harry Truman that showed the U.S. perception of a world divided between democratic and communist people

Marshall Plan

Plan proposed by secretary George C. Marshall to rebuild European economies through cooperation and capitalism

COMECON

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance established by the Soviet Union that increased trade within the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe as an alternative to the Marshall Plan

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization controlled by the U.S. that signaled the militarization of the Cold War

Warsaw Pact

Established by the Soviet Union that signaled militarization of the Cold War

Berlin Wall

Wall that was used for stemming the flow of refugees although at the cost of shaming a regime that lacked legitimacy

Joseph McCarthy

U.S. senator who was infamous for his unsuccessful quest to expose communists in the U.S. government during the 1950s

Boris Pasternak

A soviet novelist who was the author of Doctor Zhivago and was unable to receive his Novel Prize in Literature in 1958.

Domino Theory

Strategic theory that stated if one country became communist, neighboring countries would collapse to communism like dominoes.

Bay of Pigs

Place in Cuba where Fidel Castro's military was captured and killed, diminishing U.S. prestige

Cuban Missile Crisis

Event in which President John F. Kennedy called upon soviet leadership to withdraw all missiles from Cuba and to stop the arrival of additional nuclear armaments

de-Stalinization

Policy made by Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev which was to end the partial liberalization of Soviet society

Prague Spring

A democratic socialist revolution and liberal movement supported by communist party leader Alexander Dubeek

Detente

Policy made by the Soviet Union and the United States that promised a reduction in hostility.