[01.11a] RAD - Radiology_ Requesting for Imaging Modalities (Part 1) V2.pdf

Confirm the diagnosis and affect decision-making

What is the primary role of radiology in the clinical setting?

Ally

What role do radiologists play to clinicians?

History and PE

What must a clinician perform before advising a patient to undergo any imaging procedure?

1st trimester

Which period of pregnancy is most sensitive to radiation due to organogenesis?

Three

How many lobes are in the right lung?

Two

How many lobes are in the left lung?

Eight

How many segments does the liver have according to Couinaud?

Diagnostic radiography and Computed tomography

Which two imaging modalities mentioned make use of radiation?

Magnetic resonance imaging

Which modality makes use of magnets and radio waves?

Ultrasound

Which modality makes use of sound waves?

PET scan

Which modality relies on the quantification of radioactivity in vivo?

Radiopharmaceuticals

What substances are injected into the body for a PET scan?

Fluorodeoxyglucose

What is used as a radiotracer for PET scans?

Anatomical details and underlying pathophysiology

What two things does a PET scan provide?

Metastasis

For what is a combination of CT and PET scans usually used?

Lucent or opaque

What terminology is used for X-ray findings?

Echoic

What terminology is used for ultrasound findings?

Dense

What terminology is used for CT findings?

Intense

What terminology is used for MRI findings?

Electromagnetic radiation

What physical force forms X-rays?

Air, fat, soft tissues, bone, metal

What are the five basic radiographic densities in order of increasing attenuation?

Air

Which element has the least capacity to attenuate X-rays?

Black

How does air appear on a radiograph?

Bone

What is the most dense anatomical structure in the body?

Metal

What high-density material is not normally part of the body but appears brightest on X-ray?

White

How do high-density materials like metal or contrast appear on a radiograph?

Postero-anterior (PA) view

What is the usual chest X-ray view where the patient faces the cassette?

Superior/inferior and right/left

Which dimensions are properly visualized in a PA view?

Anterior/posterior

Which dimensions are not properly visualized in a PA view?

Lateral view

Which view allows visualization of the superior/inferior and anterior/posterior aspects?

Retrosternal and retrocardiac spaces

Which specific spaces are visualized in a lateral chest view?

Exact localization of lesions

What is a primary use for the lateral view in lung consolidation cases?

Apico-lordotic

What special view is used to visualize lung apices below the clavicle?

45 degrees

At what angle does a patient lean backward for an apico-lordotic view?

Oblique

In which view do rays hit at an angle to any of the body planes?

Antero-posterior (AP)

Which view is usually requested for bedridden patients who cannot stand?

Magnification of the heart

What is a major disadvantage of an AP chest radiograph?

Closeness of the heart to the X-ray source

What cause magnification in an AP view?

Opaque or dense

How do bones appear on a radiograph?

Fractures, Overlying soft tissues, abnormal Reactions, Dislocation

What does the F.O.R.D. mnemonic for bone pathologies stand for?

Pulmonary infections, Abnormal calcifications, Tumors, Intestinal obstruction, Soft-tissue lesions

What does the P.A.T.I.S. mnemonic for X-ray diseases stand for?

AP and lateral

Which two views are usually requested when ruling out a skull fracture?

AP

If only one view is available, which is chosen to see left and right skull areas?

AP view

In ruling out scoliosis, what view is used?

Dextroscoliosis

What is the term for a rightward curvature of the spine?

Levoscoliosis

What is the term for a leftward curvature of the spine?

Sphenoid sinuses

Which paranasal sinuses are better appreciated in a lateral skull view?

Waters View

What is the appropriate view to see all paranasal sinuses properly?

Lateral view

Which view is used to visualize spinous processes and anterior/posterior spinal displacement?

L5

Which vertebra is located superior to the sacrum?

T12

Which vertebra is the last one with floating ribs?

C7

Which cervical vertebra is the most prominent and can be slightly palpated?

Spondylolisthesis

What condition involves anterior displacement of a vertebral body?

Lateral view

Which view is best for diagnosing spondylolisthesis?

Pars interarticularis

A fracture in what structure leads to spondylolisthesis?

Esophagus

Which luminal structure is located behind the trachea in a lateral view?

Magenblase

What is the term for the stomach air bubble seen when air is swallowed?

Oblique view

Which view is added for hand/wrist injuries because metacarpals and phalanges overlap laterally?

Colle’s fracture

Which fracture is dorsally displaced and results from a fall on an outstretched hand?

Lateral view

Which view is best for ascertaining if a radius fracture is dorsal or ventral?

Smith’s fracture

What is the term for a ventrally displaced distal radius fracture?

Narrowing of interphalangeal joint spaces

What is a radiographic sign of arthritis in the hands?

Lateral view

Which view has superior visualization of the patellofemoral joint?

Focal lysis

What finding in the proximal humerus might suggest cancer or multiple myeloma?

Glenohumeral and acromioclavicular

What are the two joints of the shoulder?

Gout

In what condition are tophi found at the proximal metatarsal-phalangeal space?

Nodule

What is a tumor smaller than 3cm called?

Mass

What is a tumor larger than 3cm called?

Volume overload

What causes pulmonary edema seen on a thoracic cage X-ray?

12

How many pairs of ribs are in the thoracic cage?

7, 12, 5

How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many segments make up the sacrum?

PA View

Which chest view is more common in adults because it shows both left and right sides?

Lateral view

Which view is used to visualize lateral sulci and anterior/posterior costophrenic angles?

Confirm lobe involvement

What clinical use does a lateral chest view have for pneumonia?

Horizontal (minor) fissure

Which fissure subdivides the upper and middle right lung lobes?

Oblique (major) fissure

Which fissure subdivides the middle and lower right lung lobes?

Right middle lobe

If a lesion is above the oblique fissure and below the horizontal fissure, where is it located?

Alveolar pattern

What pattern is seen in bacterial pneumonia?

Interstitial pattern

What pattern is seen in viral pneumonia?

Reactivation pulmonary TB

What is the main indication for an apico-lordotic view?

Lung apices

Where does Mycobacterium sp. have a predilection to thrive due to oxygen levels?

Sputum AFB

What method is needed alongside X-ray to verify PTB?

Air bronchogram

What finding indicates opacification of surrounding alveoli making air in bronchi visible?

Stomach gas bubble

What is found in the upper left of an abdominal X-ray?

Valvulae conniventes

What structure is found in the small intestines?

Haustrations

What are the ridges of the colon called?

Air fluid levels

What abdominal X-ray finding indicates intestinal obstruction?

Pectoralis major

What presents as a white band of tissue on a mediolateral oblique mammogram?

Superior and inferior

Into what divisions does the mediolateral view divide the breast?

Cranio-caudal view

Which mammogram view allows visualization of medial and lateral breast portions?

Positive or negative

Contrast material can be categorized into which two types?

Bright

How does positive contrast appear?

Dark

How does negative contrast appear?

Intravenous pyelography

Which procedure opacifies kidneys, then ureters, then the bladder?

Retrograde pyelography

Which procedure introduces contrast via a scope at the distal urinary tract?

Ureteropelvic junction, pelvic brim crossing, and ureterovesical junction

What are the three physiologic constrictions of the urinary tract?

Hysterosalpingography

What is a real-time X-ray used to examine the uterus and fallopian tubes?

Fluoroscopy

What is the term for a real-time form of X-ray?

Adhesions and uterine fibroids

What can a hysterogram determine the presence of?