1603 Final

the flagella from motile cells of domain Eukarya

contain microtubules

_______ in a population is regarded as consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

panmixis

Adapatations enhance the fitness of an organism. Fitness is best measured by quantifying ?

reproductive success

the endospore allows bacterial species to

survive environmental extremes

gram negative bacteria

possess an inner and outer membrane

change in allele frequency due to small sample size

genetic drift

organism cited as classic example of heterochrony

axolotl

in science, a set of well-tested proportions

theory

advocated a particulate model of inheritance

Gregor Mendel

a membrane-bound organelle

nucleus

is comprised of circular DNA

nucleoid

presented teological (purpose) arguments to explain the origin of living organisms

William Paley

a model organism used by the Lenski lab to demonstrate evolutionary change (the ability to use citrate) in the lab

escherichia coli

cell wall constituent in domain bacteria

peptidoglycan

endospore-former that causes gangrene

clostridium perfringens

haploid cells involved in sexual reproduction

gametes

a form of gene flow

emigration

permits comparison of dimensional changes of traits that are observed during animal development

allometry

assertion that requires testing

hypothesis

general term for organism that utilizes oxygen

aerobe

Darwin mentor and advocate of uniformitarianism

Charles Lyell

States that the argument from design was not open to empirical evidence

David Hume

gliding motility in spirochaetes is now understood to be

by the activity of bacterial flagella

hybrid sterility is one manifestation of

a post-zygotic barrier to reproduction

when Belyaev and his team began a program of fox domestication, they mated only those foxes that showed low aggression towards humans. In the wild, these artificially selected animals would be characterized as

having reduced flush (flight) initiation distance

a proteobacterium that lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants that is capable of nitrogen fixation

rhizobium

facultative anaerobes cannot tolerate oxygen

false

some form of ________ is present in all cellular organisms

respiration

chemoautotrophs obtain their carbon directly from

inorganic sources

diversifying (disruptive) selection acts against

the phenotypic mean individuals (the typical individuals)

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) cited ______ in arguing that the earth could be no more than 100 million years old

cooling rates by conduction

Heterocytes of Anabaena generally lack thylakoids. Why is this regarded as adaptive?

nitrogenase activity in the heterocyte would be poisoned by oxygen produced by the activity of thylakoids

after a mere ten generations of breeding, Belyaev's domestication program yielded foxes that

barked like dogs, droopy ears, curved tails, produced patchy fur coloration

in order for a trait to be adaptive, it must

maximize the number of offspring produced by the organism

within a Lamarckian framework, the wings of a flightless bird would be best regarded as an example of

evolution by disuse

the functional similarity between the wing of bats and the wing of birds is regarded as

analogy or convergence (similarity) due to shared environmental influences

the ribosomes found in Archaea are directly involved in

protein synthesis

Fleeming Jenkin argued that natural selection would be largely powerless to effect change since

inheritance is blending and, thus, novel traits are unable to sustain a response to selection

HAART raises the genetic barrier to resistance by forcing HIV to simultaneosly acumulate multiple mutations that overcome the effects of multiple anti-retroviral agents

true

the domain BActerian and the domain Archaea differ in that members of the latter lack

peptidoglycan cell walls

the insertion of genes into a bacterial genome via uptake from the environment

transformation

all members of a biological species are reproductively

cohesive

eukaryotic organisms bear internal membrane systems

false

natural theology was a largely pre-darwinian approach to the study of the living world which focused on

revealing organismal diversity as a means to florigy the Creator

the range of similarities in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin across a broad sampling of animal taxa is regarded as evidence of

molecular homology

a change in allele frequency due to a bottleneck event could also be described as a change in allele frequency due to sampling error from the gene pool

true

kind of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from the relationship

mutualism

differential reproductive success is a concise definition of

natural selection

individuals with two alleles of the CCR5-delta32 gene have been shown to

resist infection by HIV

the Juvenile Ape Hypothesis is based on the observation that

humans are unique among the great apes in showing relatively little allometric change during development

a change in the timing and/or pace of developmental phenomena

heterochrony

habitat isolation, temporal isolation and mechanical isolation

pre-zygotic barriers to reproduction

the arrested embryonic development of hind limb buds is cited as evidence of tetrapod ancestry for

cetaceans

polyploidy has been proposed as a mechanism for

sympatric speciation

the devleopment of a hybrid whose fertility can be restored by a back-cross with one of the original parents; result is a new biological species

allopolyploidy

experiments that involve subdividing an initial population of fruit flies into two separate groups and then growing multiple, successive generations on different sugar compounds were designed to test

allopatric models of speciation

p, q

allele frequencies

p^2, q^2, 2pq

genotypic frequencies

anatoxin binds to the acetylcholine receptor site of ligand-gated ion channels; this binding leads to neurotoxictiy because

anatoxin cannot be removed by acetylcholinesterase

studies of Pitx1 in stickleback embryos and adults have demonstrated that a differential appearance of ventral spines is due to

differences in the regulation of Pitx1 expression

driven by asymmetries in parental investment in the offspring

sexual selection

Darwin acknowledges that he was greatly influenced by

Malthus

AZT when administered as an anti-retroviral agent to patients who were HIV+ functioned as an agnet of selection favoring those viruses that contained mutations associated with genes that code for the enzyme

reverse transcriptase

sexual processes generally involve ________ , karyogamy and meiosis

plasmogamy

molecular evidence revealed that this structure is descended from a plastid

apicoplast

influx of potassium ions from guard cells results in

loss of turgor in the guard cells

gametocytes of plasmodium develop into egg and sperm and then fuse

in the mosquito host

the mature female gametophyte is contained within the mature sporophyte in the

anthophyta (flowering plants)

structural plant tissue that is living at maturity

collenchyma

term for floral part numbers that are typical of dicots

pentamerous

eyespot or the pollen-receptive region of a carpel

stigma

water translocation in xylem

transpiration

structure that bears asexual spores of Ascomycota

conidiophore

human blood parasite; agent of malaria

plasmodium

invasive cell extension associated with parasitic fungi

haustorium

agent of amoebic dysentery in humans

entamoeba histolytica

programmed cell death

apoptosis

sucrose translocation in phloem

bulk flow

a ciliated protist that bears micronuclei and macronuclei

paramecium

amoeboid organisms that live in CaCO3 shells

foraminifera

term for floral part numbers that are typical of monocots

trimerous

houses the male gametophyte in plants that produce seeds

pollen grain

structural plant tissue that is dead at maturity

fibers or sclereids

sushi

porphyra (Nori)

site of meiosis that results in spore formation in plants

sporangium

some members of the kinetoplastids are responsible for _____ and Chagas disease

African Sleeping Sickness

Charles nad Francis Darwin conducted experiments which indicated that hte receptor for ____ resides in the tip of a coleoptile

phototropism

the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a is a typical component of the photosynthetic machinery in ALL of the following except

apicomplexa

the ascomycota and basidiomycota are distinctive in that

their cells have chitinous walls

these organisms live in glass houses

bacillariophyta (diatoms)

the synergids, polar nuclei (aka central cells), and the egg are part of

the megagametophyte of flowering plants

transpiration is driven by

sun-mediated evaporation

plant spores are produced by

meiosis

initial CO2 fixation, which is mediated by PEP carboxylase, occurs in the _______ of C4 plants

mesophyll

microspores develop directly into

microgametophytes

the presence of two or more nuclei per cell would be typical of at least one prominent stage in all the following except

chlamydomonas

a number of _______ which include the largest protists, are known to possess vascular tissue

kelps

the antheridia of ferns produce ______ through mitotic divisions

sperm

in the dicot root, the water-conducting tissue is largely composed of

tracheids or vessel elements

the charophytes share a distinct form of cell division with the embryophytes. This type of cell division involves the development of a system of microtubules termed

a phragmoplast