IB Chemistry 3.1

Element

a pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Compound

a pure substance made of multiple kinds of atoms

Mixtures

a physical combination of substances that can still be separated

Homogeneous

a type of mixture with a uniform appearance

Heterogeneous

a type of mixture with distinct phase shifts

Separation techniques

evaporation, filtration, solvation, distillation, paper chromatography, recrystallization, separation funnel

Solvation

process of separating a mixture of a soluble and insoluble solid. First, the differentiating solvent is added, then the undissolved solid is filtered.

Distillation

an impure liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed

Paper chromatography

a technique for separating dissolved compounds by their behavior in a separate liquid

Recrystallization

an impure solid is dissolved, then cooled down so that only the target substance freezes/recrystallizes

Kinetic molecular theory

theory stating all matter is composed of particles moving constantly in random directions due to kinetic energy, proportional to the substance's temperature. Assumes particle collisions are elastic and no energy is lost

Colloid

mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out and are uniformly dispersed

Deposition

change of state from gas to solid

Sublimation

change of state from solid to gas

Conversion from Kelvin to Celsius

C= K-273

Heating and cooling curve

plot of temperature vs. time for a substance where energy is added at a constant rate, showing changes of state as temperature plateaus

Endothermic changes of state

melting, vaporization, sublimation

Exothermic changes of state

freezing, condensation, deposition

Cation

positive ion

Anion

negative ion

Atomic mass

left superscript representing the mass of an atom in atomic weight units, usually the sum of its protons and neutrons; 11

Atomic number

left subindex representing the amount of protons within the atom

Charge

right superscript representing the charge of an ion, or the difference between its protons and electrons; -3