POPols MT1 Page 2

A collection of flashcards covering key Supreme Court cases, legislation, and concepts related to race, immigration, and civil rights in U.S. history.

United States v Bhagat Singh Thind

A 1923 Supreme Court case that ruled that Indian immigrants were not 'white' under U.S. naturalization law.

Immigration Act of 1924

A U.S. law that limited immigration from certain countries, particularly targeting immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

Granted U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States.

National Recovery Administration (1933)

A New Deal agency that aimed to stimulate economic recovery by regulating industry and labor.

Civilian Conservation Corps (1933-1942)

A New Deal program that provided jobs for young men in environmental conservation projects.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933 and 1938)

Laws aimed at boosting agricultural prices by reducing surpluses.

Federal Housing Administration (1934)

A government agency designed to facilitate home financing and improve housing standards.

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Legislation aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing self-government.

National Labor Relations Act (1935)

Also known as the Wagner Act, it protected the rights of workers to unionize and engage in collective bargaining.

Social Security Act `

A law providing for a system of federal old-age benefits and unemployment insurance.

Executive Order 9066 (1942)

Authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill)

Provided various benefits to returning World War II veterans.

Shelley v Kraemer (1948)

A Supreme Court case that held that courts could not enforce racially restrictive covenants.

Termination Act (1953)

Policy aimed at assimilating Native Americans into American society by terminating the recognition of tribes.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

Supreme Court decision declaring that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark legislation that prohibited discrimination in employment and public accommodations.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Prohibits racial discrimination in voting and aims to eliminate barriers to voting.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

A significant change in U.S. immigration policy that ended quotas based on national origin.

Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)

Ensured that Native Americans would have the same civil rights protections as all U.S. citizens.

Assimilation

The process by which individuals or groups adopt the culture of another group.

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

A U.S. government agency that manages relations with Native American tribes.

Blood Quantum

A measure of the amount of Native American ancestry an individual has.

Civil right

The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.

Ethnicity

A shared cultural heritage or identity, often associated with shared language, culture, or nationality.

Hypodescent

A social and legal principle that assigns a mixed-race individual to the racial category of their minority parent.

Jim Crow politics

Laws and practices aimed at enforcing racial segregation and disenfranchising Black Americans.

Jus soli

The right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century belief that expansion of the U.S. throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Miscegenation

The interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types.

Model Minority

A demographic group whose members are perceived to achieve a higher degree of success than the population average.

Multicultural view

An approach that acknowledges and values diverse cultural perspectives.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Naturalization

The legal process by which a non-citizen can become a citizen of a country.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to respond to the Great Depression.

One-drop rule

A social and legal principle in the United States that asserts that a person with any African ancestry is considered Black.

Pan-ethnic identity

An identity that encompasses multiple ethnic backgrounds under a broader identity.

Race

A socially constructed category based on physical characteristics such as skin color.

Racial assimilation

The process in which members of a minority group adopt the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture.

Racial essentialism

The belief that racial groups have inherent characteristics that define them.

Racial Project

Any socio-political mechanism that interprets or constructs social relations based on perceived racial identities.

Racial separation

The practice of separating individuals based on race.

Racialization

The process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups.

Racism

Prejudice or discrimination directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.

Redlining

A discriminatory practice in which services (like banking and insurance) are withheld from specific neighborhoods based on racial composition.

Reservation

Land set aside by the U.S. government for the use of Native American tribes.

Restrictive covenant

A clause in a deed or lease that limits the action of the owner.

Scientific racism

Use of pseudoscientific techniques and hypotheses to support or justify racial discrimination.

Settler colonialism

A form of colonialism that seeks to replace the original population with a new society of settlers.

Transcendent (assimilationist) View

The viewpoint that promotes the blending of cultural identities into a dominant culture.

White (advantage) privilege

The systemic advantages that white people experience based on their race.

White Supremacy

The belief that white people are superior to those of all other races.

Yellow Peril

A racist term used to describe the perceived threat of Asian immigrants.