aphg unit 5.1-5.12

subsistence agriculture

food production to feed a farmers family or community, uses manual labor, small scale, mostly in LDCs

commercial agriculture

mass production of food for sale (think commerce), uses machinery, large scale, more common in MDCs

intensive agriculture

requires greater amnt of labor/capital relative to the amnt of space being used

extensive agricultural

requires fewer amnt of labor/capital relative to the amnt of space being used

pastoral nomadism

agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals

extensive subsistence farming

located in asia and africa in the arid climate areas

products include cheese milk and wool

relevant terms include transhumance and developing countries

shifting cultivation

agriculture using slash and burn techniques and regular rotation sites

extensive subsistence farming

located in the americas asia and africa in tropical climates

products include crops firewood and timber

relevant terms include human-environment interaction possibilism and developing countries

intensive subsistence - wet rice dominant

agriculture involving the regular application of intensive labor

intensive subsistence agriculture

located in south east asia and india in tropical climates

products include rice

relevant terms include double cropping terraces and developing countries

intensive subsistence - not wet rice dominant

agriculture involving the regular application of intensive labor

intensive subsistence agriculture

located in east and south asia in continental climates

products include millet soybeans sorghum potatoes wheat and barley

relavant terms include double cropping terraces and developing countries

plantation

agriculture practice where cheap labor is used to grow cash crops

intensive commercial agriculture

located in the americas africa and asia in tropical climates

products include cotton sugar coffee rubber and exotic fruits

relavant terms include cash crops forced migration slavery and developing countries

mixed crop and livestock

fattening up animals through crops to sell them

intensive commercial farming

located in the us europe asia and africa in temperate climates

products include meat milk eggs and crops

relavant terms include crop rotation agribusinesses feedlots and developed countries

dairy farming

raising cows to market dairy goods in the market

intensive commercial farming

located in india and the us in cold mid latitude climates

products include milk and cheese

relavant terms include milkshed agribusiness and developed countries

grain farming

growing grain products for sale to be made into products for human consumption

extensive commercial farming

located in china india and us in temperate climates

products include wheat barley and corn

relavant terms include agribusiness and developed country

ranching

commercial grazing of livestock

extensive commercial farming

located in the americas australia and asia in semiarid/arid climates

products include meat beef chicken and pork

relavant terms include rural areas agribusiness and developed country

mediterranean farming

growing specialized crops in a climate like the mediterranean region

intensive commercial agriculture

located in the mediterranean region chile south africa and california (basically any place that has the mediterranean climate)

products include olives grapes and pistachios

relavant terms include horticulture agribusiness and developed countries

market gardening

growing of highly profitable crops for sale

intensive commercial farming

located in florida and asia in temperate climates

products include fruits and medicinal plants

relavant terms include horticulture commercial gardening truck farming agribusiness and developed countries

clustered/nucleated

type of rural settlement pattern, most common in europe parts of africa and north east us, its when settlements are grouped together

they are the result of communal farmland, leaving land open for farming, and residents having easier access to services if their settlements were grouped this way

dispersed

type of rural settlement pattern, most common in the midwest and west of us, it’s when settlements are spread out

they are result of gov land policies, individual pioneer families setting up their farms in the homestead act, and independently owned farms

linear

type of rural settlement pattern, common in quebec french america louisiana, it’s when settlements are in organized lines

they are a result of access to a resource like a river and farmers building along a water way or road for easier transportation

metes and bounds

type of survey method, it was introduced by the british and its most common in north east us, it uses natural physical features of a landscape to demarcate pieces of land - leads to irregular shapes

township and range

type of survey method, it uses an imposed grid pattern and was made by the homestead act, territory in west us use this type of survey method

long lots

type of survey method, used mainly by the french, it’s when there are strips of land around a river or road, also called ribbon farms

first agricultural revolution

occured ~8000-14000 years ago and was the shift from hunter-gatherers to to agricultural societies, farming and domestication was invented

east asia

a crop hearth where rice and millet originated

sub saharan africa

a crop hearth where sorghum yams millet and rice originated

latin america

a crop hearth where beans potatoes cotton and corn/maiz originated

south west asia

a crop hearth where barely wheat lentil and olives originated

southwest asia

the animal domestication hearth taht domesticated the most important animals such as cattle goat and sheep and pig

silk road colombian exchange trade

how agriculture diffused

second agricultural revolution

happened at the same time as the industrial revolution, it marked an increase in population and food production with the aid of new technology

resulted in better diets which lead to high life expectancies

the beginning of commercial farming

positives of second agricultural revolution

new technology made farming easier, reduced the number of animal labor, no land is unused, barbed wire is invented, higher yields, better diets, and higher life expectancy

negatives of second agricultural revolution

increased pollution and co2 emissions, decline in soil nutrients and human labor, and an increase in the amnt of pesticides used

four crop rotation system

an agricultural practice where four different crops are planted in a sequential order over four seasons or years on the same land to improve soil health and reduce pests

green revolution

the third agricultural revolution, occurred around 1960s-now, it introduced high yield seeds mechanized farming and increased chemical usage

norman bourlaug

father of the green revolution

crossbreeding

mating two diffenrt breeds to make a desirable trait - leads to hybrid plants

genetically modified organisms

an organisms genome is altered to get specific traits that allow for increased production of livestock and crops

positives of the green revolution

increased food production and economic growth, reduction of global hunger and production costs, and the green revolution allowed for LDCs to have higher yields

negatives of the green revolution

decreased jobs for women, unequal development, decline in family farms - they can’t compete, monoculture farming, water contamination, soil degradation/depletion

agribusiness

the economy of agriculture

monocropping farming

growing one crop in a large scale over a wide area (reduces biodiversity)

bid rent theory

theory that value of land is affected by its relationship/distance to the market

more wanted land that is closer to the market is higher cost which means less land is bought - results in intensive farming

less wanted land that is farther from the market is less costly which means more land is bought - results in extensive farming

economies of scale

large scale farming results in bulk purchasing for less money, results in higher yields, basically when production is high the cost of production is low

technological advancements

will lead to the cost of operating to be high but also increases efficiency, also increases the carrying capacity of the land bc of higher yields

commodity chain

complex network that connects production places with distribution to consumers in steps

ex: farm gate → transport → processing → manufacturing → transport → retailers/exporters

slash and burn

type of agricultural practice that alters the landscape, when trees are cut and land is burned, results in deforestation soil depletion and soil erosion

terrace farming

type of agricultural practice that alters the landscape, when terraces are built, results in hills becoming like steps and soil erosion

irrigation

type of agricultural practice that alters the landscape, when water systems are built, results in depletion of water sources

pastorol nomadism

type of agricultural practice that alters the landscape, it’s when herds are taken to graze, results in overgrazing which results in soil erosion and desertification

draining wetlands

type of agricultural practice that alters the landscape, when wetlands are drained for agriculture, results in a decrease in biodiversity and habitats for animals and increases in storm and flood damage

pollution

an effect of a agricultural practices that affects the environment, occurs when there is increased demand for meat or increase in the usage of chemicals or fossil fuels

soil salinization

an effect of a agricultural practices that affects the environment, process where salt builds up in the soil bc water evaporates quickly bc plants can’t absorb the water, is happening more bc land is being drained of water (ex the aral sea)

desertification

result of overgrazing, when the area becomes like a desert

deforestation

an effect of a agricultural practices that affects the environment, increases greenhouse gases and soil erosion and decreases biodiversity

organic farming

healthier farming that doesn’t use harsh chemicals or gmos and is also more sustainable

value added speciality crops

something different that enhances a procducts value (ex strawberries into strawberry jam)

fair trade

fair everything! workers are getting paid fair and it also promotes sustainability

local farmers market

more sustainable than large scale cooperation farming as there is less pollution as less transportation is used bc the market is local

community supported agriculture

a system that is set up where farmers support one another and people commit to buy from that farm

food deserts

areas with little to no access to healthy nutritious food, can occur in MDCs and LDCs, causes more health problems rates, basically when there is no fresh food/supermarkets within a walkable distance

aquaculture

farming on the water (ex fishing)

von thunen model

model that was used to reduce land and transportation costs while maximizing profits

assumptions of the von thunen model

assumptions include that all land is flat, only one single market (disproved through the global market), all land has equal access to the market, farmers want to maximize their profits, all land has similar characteristics