WPS 244 Functional Groups

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Last updated 12:45 PM on 7/22/26
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16 Terms

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Functional group

  • A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a partical compound.

    • Covalently bonded

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Alkanes

  • RH, -ane

  • eg. H3C-CH3 ethane

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Alkenes

  • RR’C=CR’’R’’’, -ene

  • eg. H2C=CH2 acetylene (ethene)

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Alkynes

  • RC≡CR’, (-yne)

  • eg. HC≡CH acetylene (ethyne)

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Arenes

  • ArH, -ene

  • eg. [image] benzene

<ul><li><p>ArH, -ene</p></li><li><p>eg. [image] benzene</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Alkyl halides

  • RX, halide (halo-)

  • eg. CH3CH2Cl ethyl chloride (chloroethane)

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Aryl halides

  • ArX, halo-

  • eg. [image] chlorobenzene

<ul><li><p>ArX, halo-</p></li><li><p>eg. [image] chlorobenzene</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Alcohols

  • ROH, -ol

  • eg. CH3CH2OH ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

  • -OH is hydroxyl group

  • Primary, secondary, and tertiary group [image]

  • Hydroxyl group involved in most wood properties:

    • Moisture content (hydrogen bonding)

    • Swelling/shrinkage

    • Biological degradation

    • Mechanical properties

    • Ultraviolet degradation (free radical)

    • Thermal properties (dehydration reactions)

  • Found in cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, extractives.

<ul><li><p>ROH, -ol</p></li><li><p>eg. CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH ethyl alcohol (ethanol)</p></li><li><p>-OH is hydroxyl group</p></li><li><p>Primary, secondary, and tertiary group [image]</p></li><li><p>Hydroxyl group involved in most wood properties:</p><ul><li><p>Moisture content (hydrogen bonding)</p></li><li><p>Swelling/shrinkage</p></li><li><p>Biological degradation</p></li><li><p>Mechanical properties</p></li><li><p>Ultraviolet degradation (free radical)</p></li><li><p>Thermal properties (dehydration reactions)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Found in cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, extractives.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Phenols (Phenolics)

  • ArOH, -ol

  • eg. [image] phenol

  • Phenols or polyphenol based on number of phenols units in molecule.

  • Phenols are not alcohols because hydroxyl group is not bonded to a saturated carbon (4 single covalent bonds with max H atoms) atom.

  • Found in lignin & extractives.

<ul><li><p>ArOH, -ol</p></li><li><p>eg. [image] phenol</p></li><li><p>Phenols or polyphenol based on number of phenols units in molecule.</p></li><li><p>Phenols are not alcohols because hydroxyl group is not bonded to a <strong>saturated carbon </strong>(4 single covalent bonds with max H atoms) atom.</p></li><li><p>Found in lignin &amp; extractives.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Ethers

  • ROR’, ether

  • eg. H3CH2COCH2CH3 diethyl ether

  • -O- is ether group

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Aldehydes

  • RCHO, -aldehyde (-al)

  • eg. [image]

  • -CHO is carbonyl group

  • Carbonyl group found in glucose, xylose, vanillin, lignin

<ul><li><p>RCHO, -aldehyde (-al)</p></li><li><p>eg. [image]</p></li><li><p>-CHO is carbonyl group</p></li><li><p>Carbonyl group found in glucose, xylose, vanillin, lignin</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Ketones

  • RR’C=O, -one

  • eg. [image]

  • Carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms or carbon-containing substituents.

<ul><li><p>RR’C=O, -one</p></li><li><p>eg. [image]</p></li><li><p>Carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms or carbon-containing substituents.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Carboxylic acids

  • RCO2H, -ic acid (-oic acid)

  • eg. [image]

  • C(O)OH is carboxyl group

  • Found in glucose

<ul><li><p>RCO<sub>2</sub>H, -ic acid (-oic acid)</p></li><li><p>eg. [image]</p></li><li><p>C(O)OH is carboxyl group</p></li><li><p>Found in glucose</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Esters

  • RCO2R’, -ate (-oate)

  • eg. [image]

  • Carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage

  • Alcohol + Carboxylic acid ←→ Ester + Water

    • methanol  + ethanoic acid ←→  methyl ethanoate + water

<ul><li><p>RCO<sub>2</sub>R’, -ate (-oate)</p></li><li><p>eg. [image]</p></li><li><p>Carbonyl adjacent to an ether linkage</p></li><li><p>Alcohol + Carboxylic acid ←→ Ester + Water</p><ul><li><p><span style="font-family: &quot;Bell MT&quot;;">methanol&nbsp; + ethan<u>oic</u>&nbsp;acid&nbsp;←→&nbsp; methyl ethan<u>oate</u>&nbsp;+ water</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Amides

  • RCONHR’, -amide

  • eg. [image]

<ul><li><p>RCONHR’, -amide</p></li><li><p>eg. [image]</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Acetyl group

  • -COCH3

  • Acetylation is bonding of acetyl group to molecule.