Chapter 22 - Reformation Continues (The English and the Catholics)

major reforms were occuring in the church of england from which these two branches emerged

anglicans and puritans

why did England separate from the Roman Catholic church

King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife so that he could try to get a male heir but this wasn’t allowed in the catholic church so he broke off from the church solely for this reason

Henry the 8th became the new _________ of the __________ which was the new national church

After the separation, Henry VIII, became the supreme head of the church of England which was the new national church

who was Thomas Cranmer

King Henry VIII’s spiritual advisor and who worked to “protestantize” England and as the leader of the English Reformation

what did Edward VI do with the church

• was henry viii’s son

• brought even greater openness to Protestantism

• wanted to develop a uniform order of service throughout the church of england

• Act of Uniformity: required all members of the church to use a new worship manual, book of common prayer, written by Cranmer, contained all of the evening and morning prayers

• Act of Uniformity:

• required all members of the church to use a new worship manual, book of common prayer, written by Cranmer, contained all of the evening and morning prayers

what did Mary I do?

• Edward VI’s sister

• Mary I became queen after her brother Edward VI died, and put an end to the book’s usage and temporarily restored Catholicism 

  • Ruthless towards Protestants earning her the title bloody mary

what did Elizabeth do for the church

• Elizabeth came to the throne once Mary died and she wanted to unite the factions of the english church 

  • Pushed for via media (middle way in latin) between Protestantism and Catholicism

  • Had the book of common prayer revised again which all of the churches were required to use

  • Thirty-nine articles: under her leadership was written as a doctrinal statement whereby it was mandated that all bishops and priests be in agreement with its teachings 

    • Both the catholics and the protestants did not like this

    • Defining set of statements of Anglican doctrine

• via media

• (middle way in latin) between Protestantism and Catholicism

• Elizabeth was a proponent

Book of common prayer

Book of common prayer: book of prayers and services used since the 16th century in church of england

who was william tyndale

• William tyndale: english scholar and reformer that published two editions of his English New Testament (the first one), found guilty of heresy but continued to be significant force of English Reformation

what were the high church and low church groups that resulted from the schism

• The schism erupted in the English church as high-church and low-church groups each defended their own theological and ecclesiological viewpoints

  • Low church group wanted to follow the developments of reformed protestantism 

    • Became Puritans

  • High church group wanted to keep the Catholic-style liturgy

    • Became Anglicans

who did the low church group become?

puritans

who did the high church group become?

anglicans

John knox (1514-1572)

• John knox (1514-1572)

  • Scottish clergyman

  • Influenced by Swiss Reformers specifically John Calvin

  • Instrumental in ushering in a Presbyterian polity

Richard Hooker

Richard Hooker was the most significant theologian in the development of Anglicanism

what did the puritans want?

• Puritans

  • Wanted further reform in terms of doctrine, ecclesiology, and personal piety

  • Wanted to strictly only include things that were mentioned in the Bible

how did the king james bible come to be?

• King James VI wanted to unify the church of England by creating a new translation of the Bible which ended up being called the King James Bible

Westminster assembly (1643-1649)

• Westminster assembly (1643-1649) - attempt to delineate and define religious faith 

  • Resulted in Westminster Confession of Faith which became fundamental statement of faith for presbyterians in england and scotland

Oliver cromwell (1599-1658)

• Oliver cromwell (1599-1658)

  • Puritan 

  • Helped create religious toleration for all protestants throughout england

• 3 primary forms of church government that emerged in 16th century

• episcopal

• presbyterian

• congregational

what is the episcopal branch

• Episcopal: 

  • Greek term for “overseer” or “bishop”

  • Bishops are in direct succession of New Testament apostle and share in Christ’s authority to govern the church

what is the presbyterian branch

• Presbyterian:

  • Greek term for elder

  • Lay elders or presbyters govern

what is the congregational branch

• Congregational: 

  • Local congregation is independent

Low Church wing of Church of England:

• the Puritans that wanted to keep the episcopal state church setup

Presbyterian Puritans and Congregational or Independent Puritans:

• those that wanted to establish those policies respectively 

Separatists

• others who evolved into different denominations like Baptists and Quakers

Baptists:

• Strongly opposed to infant baptism

• Affirmed believer’s baptism

• Believed in religious freedom and toleration

  • General Baptists

    • John Smyth is often considered the founder of the Baptist denomination

    • General atonement: view that death of Christ makes salvation available to all who come to God by faith

  • Particular Baptists

    • Particular atonement: view where Christ died only for the elect

what did the general baptists believe

• General Baptists

  • John Smyth is often considered the founder of the Baptist denomination

  • General atonement: view that death of Christ makes salvation available to all who come to God by faith

what is general atonement

• view that death of Christ makes salvation available to all who come to God by faith

what did the particular baptists believe

• Particular Baptists

  • Particular atonement: view where Christ died only for the elect

what are the Baptist’s common core beliefs

• BAPTIST is their 8 common core beliefs

  • Biblical authority – this is the sola scriptura position that the Bible alone is the final authority on all matters of faith and practice.

  • Autonomy of the local church – each local church is an independent, self-governing body; church leadership and doctrine are decided by democratic vote within the local congregation.

  • Priesthood of the believer – every Christian is a “priest” of God – one who is authorized to perform the sacred rites and who has immediate access to God and God’s truth via revelation – and so no other mediator is needed between God and human beings.

  • Two ordinances – there are two official ordinances (rites) recognized by local Baptist Churches: (1) Believer’s Baptism, a baptism for professing believers by immersion in water, and (2) Communion or the Lord’s Supper, which commemorates Christ’s death.

  • Individual soul liberty – every person, believer or unbeliever, should have the freedom of conscience to choose what he or she believes is right and true in the domain of religion.

  • Separation of Church and state – church and civil governments should be distinct and free from the control of the other.

  • Two offices of the church – there are only two official offices established in the Bible: pastor (which is synonymous with overseer, elder, and bishop) and deacon.

Quakers

• Another separatist group

• Founded by George Fox

• Inner light: every human being has the voice of God within and this voice can be heard if a person quiets herself and listens to the guiding presence

• Outward religious signs were abolished

• William penn: founded new Quaker settlement in North america and allowed for religious diversity and liberty in the new world

what was Fox’s inner light belief

Inner light: every human being has the voice of God within and this voice can be heard if a person quiets herself and listens to the guiding presence

who was william penn

William penn: founded new Quaker settlement in North america and allowed for religious diversity and liberty in the new world

what were the 3 primary catalysts for the Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation

• Council of trent

• Inquisition

• Society of Jesus

what was the purpose of council of trent

• Charles and Pope Paul III agreed to initiate a general council of the Catholic church 

• Purpose of council was to reform the customs and laws of Catholic Church

what was the result of council of trent

• Established as dogma many standard Catholic issues and rejected protestant doctrines of sola fide, sola gratia, and sola scriptura

• Council decreed that while God’s grace is fundamental so too is human effort; the latter should not be left out of the justification process 

  • Renounced protestant theory that people are justified by faith alone

• Regarding sola scriptura, council concluded that church tradition should have authority independent of scripture

• Also included the deuterocanonical books that the Protestants called the apocryphal works and rejected

• Reaffirmed basic theological and organizational positions of the Catholic church such as the sacraments, practice of indulgences, venerations of saints, relics, and Virgin Mary

• Got rid of sale of indulgences for profits

• Trent articulated what Roman Catholics were and are to believe; to reject any of the council’s decisions amounts to heresy

what was the inquisition

• Designed to purge false ideas and teachings

• Purpose was to defend the catholic faith and examine and eradicate false teachings

• Imprisoned and even executed people who they believed to be heretics

what was the society of Jesus

• Jesuits 

• Ignatius of loyola founded this new religious order

• Members of this order served the pope as missionaries 

what was the religious scene by the end of the 17th century

• By end of 17th century, religious and political unity of western christendom was permanently destroyed

• Myriad of denominations arose