2nd year History Final (week 8-14)

In French architectural history, the term "architecture parlante" refers to which of the following ideas?

Question options:

	A style that emphasizes silence and minimal ornamentation.
	Buildings that incorporate spoken inscriptions or recorded voices.
	Architecture that uses sound and acoustics as its main design principle.
	Buildings designed to express their purpose through their form and decoration.

Buildings designed to express their purpose through their form and decoration.

The concept of “architecture parlante” emerged in France during which historical context?

Question options:

	The Baroque era, emphasizing drama and emotion in design.
	The Gothic period, when churches aimed to inspire awe through verticality.
	The Enlightenment period, when reason and symbolic clarity influenced architecture.
	The Modernist movement, focused on functionalism and minimalism.

The Enlightenment period, when reason and symbolic clarity influenced architecture.

Which statement best describes Étienne-Louis Boullée’s approach to architecture?

Question options:

	He emphasized monumental geometric forms to express emotion and universal ideas.
	He focused on ornate decoration and asymmetrical forms inspired by Baroque art.
	He rejected symbolism and focused only on practical construction techniques.
	He designed small, functional houses for the emerging middle class.

He emphasized monumental geometric forms to express emotion and universal ideas.

Leo von Klenze’s Propylaea (Munich Gate) is an example of which architectural style and symbolic purpose in 19th-century Germany?

Question options:

	Gothic Revival architecture symbolizing medieval faith and religion
	Romanesque architecture representing early Christian ideals
	Baroque architecture emphasizing royal power and ornamentation
	Greek Revival architecture celebrating Bavarian unity and German nationality

Greek Revival architecture celebrating Bavarian unity and German nationality

Which statement best describes Leo von Klenze's Glyptothek in Munich? 

Question options:

	a Baroque palace designed to glorify the Bavarian monarchy through dramatic ornamentation
	a visionary sphere with no Renaissance reference celebrating nature and emotional expression
	a monumtal Doric gateway modeled entirely on Greek propylaea prototype
	a museum combining a Greek temple facade with the spatial order of a Renaissance palazzo

a museum combining a Greek temple facade with the spatial order of a Renaissance palazzo

(quiz 9 doesn’t allow access to review answers)

In his statement, “The effects of the Industrial Revolution prove that free competition may produce wealth without producing well-being,” Arnold Toynbee suggests that:

Question options:

	The Industrial Revolution discouraged the creation of wealth.
	The Industrial Revolution improved both wealth and well-being equally.
	Economic competition always ensures social progress.
	Free competition can lead to economic growth without improving people's quality of life.

Free competition can lead to economic growth without improving people's quality of life.

In his book All That Is Solid Melts into Air, Marshall Berman uses this phrase to describe the experience of modernity. How does this idea relate to the social context of architecture?

Question options:

	It indicates that traditional architectural forms are superior because they represent permanence.
	It highlights how modern architecture reflects the instability and transformation of modern society.
	It argues that architectural design should focus only on airy spatial quality rather than masonry aesthetics.
	It suggests that architecture should remain timeless and resist all social and technological changes.

It highlights how modern architecture reflects the instability and transformation of modern society.

Robert Owen founded New Harmony in Indiana in 1825 as a utopian community based on cooperation and equality. Which of the following best explains the main reason for its failure?

Question options:

	The community became too successful and grew beyond its planned capacity.
	The settlers lacked shared and unified vision and force to sustain the cooperative system.
	The U.S. government forced the community to disband due to its socialist principles.
	The community was destroyed by natural disasters that made agriculture impossible.

The settlers lacked shared and unified vision and force to sustain the cooperative system.

Designed by William Morris and Philip Webb in 1859, the Red House is often seen as a landmark in architectural history. What makes it significant in the social and artistic context of the 19th century?

Question options:

	It rejected industrial production and emphasized handcrafted workmanship inspired by medieval ideals.
	It followed strict classical symmetry and ornamentation typical of Renaissance revival styles.
	It was among the first buildings to use steel and glass for large-scale industrial purposes.
	It introduced mass-produced decorative elements to make design more affordable.

It rejected industrial production and emphasized handcrafted workmanship inspired by medieval ideals.

In the design of the Red House by William Morris and Philip Webb, what was innovative about its floor plan?

Question options:

	It featured a varying functional layout that reflected the daily life and needs of its inhabitants.
	It followed a rigid symmetrical plan centered around a grand formal hall.
	It used identical rooms arranged in a repetitive industrial grid pattern.
	It separated private and public spaces strictly according to social class hierarchy.

It featured a varying functional layout that reflected the daily life and needs of its inhabitants.

In your own words, first describe Pugin’s view of “Gothic” versus “modern” door hinges, and then explain the core principle he emphasized as essential to good architectural design.

1 / 2 Points (my response) 

Pugin's view on "gothic" versus "modern" door hinges was that he favored "gothic" over "modern" because he thought it pagan. his personal belief that modern architecture was "pagan" was becaused modern was influenced by classical fors and wasn't true to christian morality.

What is the architectural and interior significance of Charles Barry and August Pugin's Palace of Westminster in London?

Question options:

	An example of Classical Greek Revival architecture.
	The first modern building using iron and glass as primary materials.
	A Gothic Revival architecture that combines Barry's planning and Pugin's detailed ornamentation.
	A royal palace in the Baroque style.

A Gothic Revival architecture that combines Barry's planning and Pugin's detailed ornamentation.

Which of the following are among the "Seven Lamps of Architecture" by Ruskin? 

Question options:

	technical
	truth
	economy
	obedience
	function

Truth, and Obedience

What best describes the “Total Work of Art” design approach?

Question options:

	It emphasized harmony between architecture, interior, furniture, and everyday objects.
	It rejected traditional craftsmanship in favor of industrial production.
	It separated architecture from furniture and decoration.
	It focused only on producing affordable machine-made goods.

It emphasized harmony between architecture, interior, furniture, and everyday objects.

What social change in early 20th-century Glasgow was most clearly reflected in Charles Rennie Mackintosh’s Willow Tearooms?

	The decline of middle-class interest in design and architecture.
	The growing popularity of public houses among working men.
	The rise of alcohol-free public spaces that allowed women to socialize independently.
	The restriction of women's access to public gathering places.

The rise of alcohol-free public spaces that allowed women to socialize independently.

Which feature best characterizes Charles Rennie Mackintosh’s approach to furniture design?

	Heavy ornamentation inspired by Baroque interiors.
	Use of dark Gothic carvings and massive proportions.
	Simple geometric forms with symbolic decoration.
	Purely functional shapes without any artistic meaning.

Simple geometric forms with symbolic decoration.

Which feature of Victor Horta’s Tassel House best demonstrates the principles of Art Nouveau architecture?

	The heavy stone walls with minimal ornamentation.
	The open floor plan with a central staircase framed by curving iron and floral motifs.
	The symmetrical façade and classical column arrangement.
	The strict separation of structure and decoration.

The open floor plan with a central staircase framed by curving iron and floral motifs.

Which idea best represents Eugène Viollet-le-Duc’s theory of architecture?

	Buildings should truthfully express their structure and materials.
	Architecture should conceal its construction to achieve visual harmony.
	Ornament and decoration are more important than structural logic.
	The Gothic style should be replaced entirely by classical forms.

Buildings should truthfully express their structure and materials.

Which materials did Hector Guimard primarily use to create the organic Art Nouveau style of the Paris Métro entrances?

	Wood and plaster with painted floral motifs.
	Stone and marble with classical carvings.
	Concrete and steel with no surface decoration.
	Wrought iron and glass with enamel signage.

Wrought iron and glass with enamel signage.

Which project demonstrates Hector Guimard’s contribution to prefabricated construction in the early 20th century?

	The Paris Métro entrances.
	His Standard‑Construction modular housing system.
	The Hôtel Guimard Art Nouveau residence.
	The Castel Béranger façade redesign.

His Standard‑Construction modular housing system.

What was the main purpose of Antoni Gaudí’s hanging chain model for the Sagrada Família?

	To create decorative ornaments for the church façade.
	To calculate the exact cost of construction materials.
	To design the interior furniture of the church.
	To visualize and test complex structural forms using gravity and catenary curves.

To visualize and test complex structural forms using gravity and catenary curves.

When is Antoni Gaudí’s Sagrada Família expected to be completed?

	In 2000, for the new millennium celebration.
	It was completed in 1926, the year Gaudí died.
	Around 2026, marking the 100th anniversary of Gaudí's death.
	In 1882, the year construction began.

Around 2026, marking the 100th anniversary of Gaudí's death.

What is a defining characteristic of the “whiplash” motif in Art Nouveau design?

	Rigid, straight lines and geometric shapes inspired by classical architecture.
	Minimalist, undecorated surfaces emphasizing function over form.
	Sinuous, flowing lines inspired by natural forms like plants and tendrils.
	Heavy, carved stone ornamentation with Gothic references.

Sinuous, flowing lines inspired by natural forms like plants and tendrils.

Art Nouveau was an international style that appeared in many countries around the world.

		True
		False

True

Why was the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition commonly referred to as the “White City”?

	Because the fair promoted racial unity among all visitors.
	Because Chicago's streets and houses were painted white during the exposition.
	Because the exposition buildings were coated in white plaster and illuminated by electric lights, creating a bright, unified appearance.
	Because all buildings were constructed with white marble to symbolize wealth and power.

Because the exposition buildings were coated in white plaster and illuminated by electric lights, creating a bright, unified appearance.

Why did architect Louis Sullivan criticize the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition (“White City”)?

	Because it used too much steel and ignored traditional craftsmanship.
	Because it was held in Chicago instead of New York.
	Because it promoted classical imitation instead of developing a modern, functional American architecture.
	Because the buildings were poorly constructed and lacked proper engineering.

Because it promoted classical imitation instead of developing a modern, functional American architecture.

What is architecturally significant about James Bogardus’s Edgar Laing Stores in New York City?

	It was the first building in the U.S. constructed entirely of reinforced concrete.
	It featured prefabricated, self-supporting cast-iron façades, making it an early example of multi-story cast-iron architecture.
	It was a wooden-frame building with a decorative brick veneer.
	It introduced the steel-skeleton frame used in modern skyscrapers.

It featured prefabricated, self-supporting cast-iron façades, making it an early example of multi-story cast-iron architecture.

Which of the following best describes the structural system of the Rookery Building in Chicago?

	wooden framing with terracotta cladding
	early steel framing with load-bearing masonry walls
	entirely load-bearing brick walls
	reinforced concrete skeleton

early steel framing with load-bearing masonry walls

Which criterion is used to determine whether the Home Insurance Building in Chicago qualifies as the first skyscraper?

	The buuilding uses a self-supporting structural system.
	The enclosure system must start from the ground(1st) floor.
	It has more than 50 floors regardless of structural system.
	It uses only load-bearing masonry walls without metal framing.

The buuilding uses a self-supporting structural system.

How did Elsie de Wolfe’s design philosophy influence the transition from the heavy, dark interiors of the Victorian era to the lighter and more modern aesthetic of early 20th-century interior design?

	She designed exclusively for royal palaces and ignored middle-class homes.
	She rejected comfort in favor of purely decorative interiors.
	She emphasized the use of light colors and simple furnishings to create airy and elegant spaces.
	She promoted Gothic and Baroque styles with ornate and dark furniture.

She emphasized the use of light colors and simple furnishings to create airy and elegant spaces.

Who was the architect of the Woman’s Building at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, and what made her achievement historically significant?

	Marion Mahony Griffin, the first woman to work for Frank Lloyd Wright
	Julia Morgan, the first female American student studied at Ecole des Beaux Arts
	Louise Blanchard Bethune, the first woman member of the American Institute of Architects
	Sophia Hayden, the first woman to earn an architecture degree from MIT

Sophia Hayden, the first woman to earn an architecture degree from MIT

What was one of the major structural innovations used in the Montauk Building (1882–1883) that allowed it to be built on Chicago’s soft soil?

	The use of hollow clay tiles
	The use of deep steel piles
	The use of a raft foundation
	The use of flying buttresses

The use of a raft foundation

What is distinctive about the cornice design of the Monadnock Building in Chicago?

Question options:

	It features a projecting metal cornice decorated with classical motifs.
	It features a curved cornice referencing ancient Egyptian column capital.
	It features a Gothic-style cornice with pointed arches and tracery details.
	It features a terracotta cornice supported by cast-iron brackets.

It features a curved cornice referencing ancient Egyptian column capital.

Which statement best describes the difference between early Chicago and New York skyscrapers?

Question options:

	New York skyscrapers prioritized horizontal expansion, while Chicago skyscrapers prioritized decorative façades.
	Both Chicago and New York skyscrapers were identical in form and design philosophy.
	Chicago skyscrapers used only load-bearing masonry walls, while New York skyscrapers were entirely steel-frame.
	Chicago skyscrapers emphasized function, steel-frame construction, and large windows, while New York skyscrapers emphasized ornament, narrow-lot adaptation, and setbacks.

Chicago skyscrapers emphasized function, steel-frame construction, and large windows, while New York skyscrapers emphasized ornament, narrow-lot adaptation, and setbacks.

What is the structural system of the Monadnock Building in Chicago?

Question options:

	reinforced concrete
	wooden framing
	load-bearing masonry walls
	steel skeleton framing

load-bearing masonry walls

Is Monadnock Building considered "skycraper" according to the five points established by Andrew Nicholas Rebori and his committee? And why? (UNFINISHED)

0/2 Points (so not including my response)

Answer for Blank #1: 

Answer for Blank #2: 

Early Chicago skyscrapers were built on soft, compressible soil. Which foundation solution was commonly used to support these tall buildings?

Question options:

	Floating foundations that used air chambers to reduce structural load
	Stone strip footings placed directly on shallow soil
	Deep caisson foundations drilled into bedrock in all early buildings
	Raft (mat) foundations that spread the load over a large area

Raft (mat) foundations that spread the load over a large area

What did Frank Lloyd Wright place at the center of many of his early house designs?

Question options:

	A formal dining room
	A skylight atrium
	A central hearth
	A grand staircase

A central hearth

Which color scheme did Frank Lloyd Wright commonly use in his early residential designs?

Question options:

	Bright neon accents
	metallic silver and chrome finishes
	pure black-and-white contrasts
	earth-tone, autumn-inspired inspired drawn from nature

earth-tone, autumn-inspired inspired drawn from nature

Frank Lloyd Wright’s early house projects were influenced by which American vernacular architectural style known for its wood cladding and unified exterior surfaces?

Question options:

	Art Deco
	Beaux-Arts
	Shingle Style
	Gothic Revival

Shingle Style

How did Frank Lloyd Wright's approach to decoration reflect Louis Sullivan’s influence?

Question options:

	Wright's favor of bright, clashing colors in interiors
	Wright's use abstract nature-inspired motifs
	Wright's heavily reliance on European classical details
	Wright's use of large-scale murals in every room

Wright's use abstract nature-inspired motifs

What spatial innovation is characteristic of Frank Lloyd Wright’s early house projects?

Question options:

	open, flowing spaces that connect living and dining areas
	Strictly separated, box-like rooms
	Multi-level split-floor circulation
	Large central atriums with skylights

open, flowing spaces that connect living and dining areas

In Frank Lloyd Wright’s Unity Temple, what was the primary functional purpose of the cloister connecting the entrance to the main sanctuary?

Question options:

	It was designed mainly as a structural buffer to protect the sanctuary from weather damage.
	It acted as a transitional passage for visitors to imperceptibly enter the main sanctuary.
	It served as a secondary worship space for small group gatherings.
	It functioned as an administrative corridor for staff and clergy only.

It acted as a transitional passage for visitors to imperceptibly enter the main sanctuary.

Which primary material did Frank Lloyd Wright use for the construction of Unity Temple, giving the building its solid, monolithic appearance?

Question options:

	Reinforced concrete
	Timber framing
	Limestone blocks
	Brick masonry

Reinforced concrete

What was one of the most innovative features of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Larkin Administration Building?

Question options:

	A rooftop garden for employees
	An open-plan office
	A circular floor plan
	A steel-and-glass curtain wall system

An open-plan office

Which of the following characteristics best defines Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie Style in his early residential designs? (select 5)

Select 4 correct answer(s)

Question options:

	tall vertical facade
	horizontal lines
	low pitched roofs
	broad overhang eaves
	open floor layout of rooms that flow into each other
	ornate Gothic decorations
	symmetrical floor plans

• horizontal lines

• low pitched roofs

• broad overhang eaves

• open floor layout of rooms that flow into each other

What was the primary inspiration behind Frank Lloyd Wright’s design of Taliesin I?

Question options:

	A desire to create a home and studio integrated into the natural Wisconsin landscape
	European medieval castles he studied on tour
	Classical Roman villas emphasizing symmetry
	Industrial efficiency principles from the Larkin Building

A desire to create a home and studio integrated into the natural Wisconsin landscape

Why is the Wasmuth Portfolio (1910) considered a significant milestone in Frank Lloyd Wright’s career?

Question options:

	It introduced his work to European architects and influenced early modernism
	It served mainly as a construction manual for apprentices
	It was Wright's first publication in the United States
	It documented only his later Prairie Style houses

It introduced his work to European architects and influenced early modernism