t Tests for Single-Sample and Paired-Samples

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to t tests used for single-sample and paired-samples analysis in statistics.

t Test

A statistical method used to compare means to determine if they are statistically different from each other.

Single-sample t test

A test that determines whether the sample mean is significantly different from a known population mean.

Paired-samples t test

A statistical test that compares means from the same group at different times or under different conditions.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

A statement suggesting no effect or no difference, serving as the basis for statistical testing.

Research Hypothesis (H1)

A statement that opposes the null hypothesis, indicating that there is an effect or a difference.

Degrees of Freedom (df)

The number of independent values or quantities which can be assigned to a statistical distribution. For a single sample t-test, df = N - 1.

Critical Value (CV)

A threshold value that the test statistic must exceed to reject the null hypothesis.

Alpha Level

A predetermined threshold for significance, often set at 0.05, representing the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.

Sample Mean (M)

The average value of a sample, which is used to estimate the population mean.

Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)

An estimate of the variation between sample means that would occur if you took many samples from a population.

t Distribution

A family of distributions that are symmetrical and bell-shaped, used in hypothesis testing with small sample sizes.

Confidence Interval (CI)

A range of values, derived from the sample mean, that is likely to contain the population mean.

Effect Size

A quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon or the strength of the relationship between variables.