Applying Logic and Evidence to Scientific Explanation

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture on logic, evidence, and scientific thinking.

Scientific Explanation

A logical conclusion drawn from data and evidence to describe or clarify a natural phenomenon.

Evidence

Relevant data or information used to support or refute a scientific explanation.

Empirical Data

Information gathered by direct observation through the senses rather than theoretical speculation.

Scientific Model

A construct or representation of a system that helps explain how its components work together.

Hypothesis

A testable statement or prediction that can be examined through scientific experiments.

Scientific Experiment (Control Experiment)

A systematic procedure that manipulates an independent variable to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions.

Independent Variable

The factor deliberately changed or manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect.

Dependent Variable

The factor measured in an experiment; it responds to changes in the independent variable.

Reproducibility

The ability to obtain consistent experimental results when the same procedure is repeated.

Validity

The degree to which an experiment accurately measures the intended dependent variable.

Reliability

The consistency and trustworthiness of data collected across repeated trials.

Observation

The act of gathering information about the natural world using the senses.

Systematic Testing

A methodical approach in which predictions are examined through controlled and repeatable procedures.

Natural Phenomena

Events or processes occurring in the natural world that scientists seek to understand.

Dynamic Nature of Science

The concept that scientific knowledge and models evolve over time as new evidence and perspectives emerge.