412 Cadaver Lab Exam 2!!!

Lungs

organs in the respiratory system responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment

Parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

Visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

Hilum of lung

midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs

Costal surface of lung

anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces; pressed against ribs

Mediastinal surface of lung

faces medially toward the heart, contains the hilum

Diaphragmatic surface of lung

wide, inferior surface of the lungs; surface making contact with the diaphragm

Sulcus of the azygos vein (right lung)

a furrow/groove that accommodates the azygos vein, splits the top of the right upper lobe

Sulcus of the aorta (left lung)

a broad deep groove on the medial aspect of the left lung above and behind the hilum receiving the arch of the aorta and the thoracic aorta

Pulmonary artery (on heart)

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Pulmonary veins (on heart)

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

Primary bronchus

a pair of branches of the trachea that lead to the right and left lung; consist of incomplete rings of cartilage and are lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Secondary bronchus

branches of the primary bronchi which supply each lobe of lung; there are 2 in the left lung and 3 in the right lung

Lobes of lung

superior, middle and inferior - right; superior and inferior - left

Horizontal fissure

separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung

Oblique fissure

separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung

Cardiac notch

lateral deflection of the anterior border of the left lung to accommodate for the heart

Lingula of left lung

The region of the left lung that corresponds with the right middle lobe, anterior projection of left superior lobe

Superior vena cava (in thoracic cavity)

receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart

Inferior vena cava ( thoracic cavity)

receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart

Azygos vein

a vessel that drains blood from the chest wall and empties into the superior vena cava, main branch on right side of vertebral column

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

drain the head, neck, and upper extremities and unite to form the superior vena cava

Right and left internal jugular veins

return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the head region

Right and left external jugular veins

not doing

Right and left subclavian veins

carries deoxygenated blood from other smaller veins; carries this blood to brachiocephalic vein

Vertebral veins

serves posterior head, cervical vertebrae, spinal cord

Arch of aorta

most superior portion of the aorta, lying between the ascending and descending segments of the aorta

Brachiocephalic trunk

first large artery arising from the aortic arch, carries oxygenated blood to the neck, head, and right forelimb

Right and left common carotid arteries

carries oxygenated blood; right carotid artery branches off of brachiocephalic artery; left carotid artery branches directly off aorta

Right and left subclavian arteries

carries oxygenated blood; right subclavian artery branches off brachiocephalic trunk; left subclavian artery branches directly off of aorta

Pulmonary trunk

carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins (hilum entry)

inferior veins are most inferior holes, superior veins are most anterior holes

Pulmonary arteries (hilum entry)

left artery in most superior hole (above bronchus), right artery is anterior to bronchus (between right vein)

Internal thoracic arteries

from subclavian branches to anterior intercostal arteries

Vertebral arteries

arteries that ascend along either side of the vertebral column through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter the cranium through the foramen magnum

Ligamentum arteriosum

structure is a remnant of a fetal vessel that connected the pulmonary trunk and the aorta (ductus arteriosus)

Right and left vagus nerves

continue from the neck and pass through the mediastinum and parasympathetic supply to visceral structures of the thorax, including the heart

Right and left phrenic nerves

runs along left and right side of heart down to diaphragm

Trachea and bifurcation

cartilage ribbed tube superior to heart, bifurcates into primary bronchi, conducting air passageway

Esophagus

muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach, to right of descending aorta

Thoracic duct (lymphatic)

collects lymph from left head and upper body, and lower extremities; dumps into junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins

Heart

muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body, located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs

Right and left atria

two superior chambers, receive blood returning to heart; has auricles to enlarge chamber

Right and left auricles

small, earlike projections that extend anteriorly from each atrium, allows additional blood capacity

Right and left ventricles

lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart

Coronary sulcus

a groove that separates the atria from the ventricles and contains blood vessels

Anterior interventricular sulcus

groove on anterior surface of the heart that separate the right and left ventricles

Posterior interventricular sulcus

groove on the posterior surface of the heart that separates the right and left ventricles

Aorta (on heart)

most center opening on superior aspect of the heart, has the three semilunar valves that prevent backflow back into heart

Superior vena cava (on heart)

a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium of the heart

Inferior vena cava (on heart)

a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart

Coronary sinus

a large vein that collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle itself and drains into the right atrium, in the groove between the left atrium and left ventricle

Great cardiac vein

a major coronary vein that originates at the apex of the heart, ascends along the anterior interventricular sulcus, and drains into the coronary sinus

Middle cardiac vein

a major coronary vein that originates near apex of heart, ascends within the posterior interventricular sulcus, and drains into coronary sinus

Small cardiac vein

a small tributary of the coronary sinus, draining the inferior and lateral walls of the right ventricle, and runs in the coronary sulcus with the right coronary artery between the right atrium and ventricle, under inferior vena cava

Left coronary artery

supplies blood to the left side of the heart, originates from base of ascending aorta and branches into the anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries

Right coronary artery

originates from the base of the ascending aorta and travels down the right coronary sulcus, branches into the right posterior descending and right marginal arteries

Circumflex artery

branch of the left coronary artery, follows the coronary sulcus around to the posterior side of heart

Right marginal artery

first branch off the right coronary artery, located along the right margin of the heart (near inferior vena cava)

Left marginal artery

a branch of the circumflex artery, travels along the left margin of the heart, towards the apex

Anterior interventricular artery

a major branch of the left coronary artery, descends within the anterior interventricular sulcus towards the apex of the heart

Posterior interventricular artery

a branch of the right coronary artery, it runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus towards the apex of the heart

Pectinate muscles (right atria)

muscular ridges found in the right atrium, involved in increasing the efficiency of atrial contraction

Fossa ovalis (right atria)

a depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium, marking the site of the foramen ovale in the fetal heart, between superior and inferior vena cavae atrial entrances

Opening to coronary sinus (right atria)

the opening through which deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins drains into the right atrium, located near the fossa ovalis.

Openings to superior and inferior vena cavae (right atria)

the apertures through which deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the body, located at the posterior part of the right atrium

Openings to pulmonary veins (left atria)

the openings through which oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium

Right AV valve (tricuspid)

valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

Left AV valve (bicuspid)

valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

Interventricular septum

muscular partition that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart

Trabeculae carneae

muscle ridges found on the floor of the inner surface of the ventricles that help in contraction

Papillary muscles

small muscles located within the ventricles of the heart that attach to the chordae tendineae and help control the opening and closing of the heart valves

Chordae tendineae

in the ventricles, fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the heart valves

Pulmonary semilunar valve (right ventricle)

valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Aortic semilunar valve (left ventricle)

valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta

Moderator band (right ventricle)

band of muscle that extends from the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle

Liver

large organ in RUQ, immediately inferior to diaphragm

Gallbladder

small organ located beneath the liver that stores bile

Right lobe (liver)

largest lobe of the liver, located on the right side

Left lobe (liver)

smaller lobe of the liver, located on the left side

Quadrate lobe (liver)

small lobe of the liver located on the inferior side, between the left lobe and the gallbladder

Caudate lobe (liver)

small lobe of the liver situated posterior to the quadrate lobe and near the inferior vena cava, has a tail-like extension.

Falciform ligament

thin fold of peritoneum that connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

Round ligament

a remnant of the umbilical vein that runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament

Porta hepatis

the central region of the liver where the hepatic ducts, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit

Hepatoduodenal ligament

not doing

Common bile duct

the duct that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum

Hepatic portal vein

the vein that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver for processing

Proper hepatic artery

branches off the common hepatic artery leading up to porta hepatis

Stomach

organ in LUQ

Greater curvature of stomach

the larger, outer curve of the stomach that extends from the esophagus to the duodenum

Lesser curvature of stomach

the shorter border of the stomach opposite the greater curvature

Cardia

the region of the stomach adjacent to the esophagus, where food enters the stomach

Fundus

the upper, rounded portion of the stomach that lies above the level of the cardiac opening

Body of stomach

the main central region of the stomach, located between the fundus and pylorus

Pylorus

the lower portion of the stomach that connects to the duodenum, regulating the passage of partially digested food

Rugae of stomach

the folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion and increase surface area for digestion

Pyloric sphincter

a muscular valve at the junction between the pylorus and the duodenum

Pyloric orifice

the opening through which food passes from the stomach into the duodenum, located at the pylorus and regulated by the pyloric sphincter

Esophageal/cardiac sphincter

a muscular ring that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach