Chapter 5 - Eukaryotic Cell Structure

The distribution of lipids in the plasma membrane of eukaryotes is symmetrical. (T/F)

False

Like prokaryotic cells, most eukaryotic cells have an external cell wall. (T/F)

False

Lysosomes maintain an acidic environment by actively pumping protons into their interior. (T/F)

True

The endoplasmic reticulum is mostly devoid of ribosomes (smooth) when cells are producing large quantities of lipid. (T/F)

True

Coated pits containing clathrin do not permit concentration of ingested macromolecules prior to endocytosis. (T/F)

False

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with many ribosomes attached is called __________ ER, whereas endoplasmic reticulum that is mostly devoid of ribosomes is called __________ ER.

rough, smooth

Ribosomes synthesizing proteins that are to be excreted are located on the __________.

endoplasmic reticulum

The membrane bound structure that contains the chromosomes of eukaryotes is called the nucleus. (T/F)

True

Although similar in function, the eukaryotic ribosome is generally smaller and more complex than the prokaryotic ribosome. (T/F)

False

The nucleolus is a highly active region of the nucleus that is required for synthesis of ribosomes. (T/F)

True

Chloroplasts are the site for both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. (T/F)

True

The majority of mitochondrial proteins are manufactured under the direction of the nuclear DNA by cytoplasmic ribosomes. (T/F)

True

Electron transport reactions that occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotes take place on the inner membrane of that structure. (T/F)

True

The inner membrane system of chloroplasts consists of flattened sacs called __________ that form stacks called __________.

thylakoids, grana

Long filaments containing microtubules and used for cellular locomotion are called __________, whereas short fibers containing microtubules and used for cellular locomotion are called __________.

flagella, cilia

Cilia beat with two distinctive phases. With the __________ stroke, they stroke like an oar, thereby propelling the organism through the water. With the __________ stroke, cilia bend along their length while they are pulled forward.

effective, recovery

Eukaryotic ribosomes may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the __________ __________.

endoplasmic reticulum

The genetic code is expressed differently in bacterial and archaeal cells than in eukaryotic cells. (T/F)

False

The __________ is a complex structure or set of structures lying beneath the plasma membrane of many protozoa and some algae, which serves as a supportive mechanism for these cells.

pellicle

The major difference between the vacuoles of eukaryotes and the inclusion bodies of prokaryotes is that the former are membrane-bound, whereas the latter are not. (T/F)

True

Eukaryotes usually have more than one chromosome for the storage of genetic information. (T/F)

True

Membrane delimited intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells are called A. organelles.

B. organs.

C. tissues.

D. systomis.

organelles.

The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following EXCEPT

A. phosphoglycerides.

B. sphingolipids.

C. sterols.

D. peptidoglycan.

peptidoglycan

Microdomains in eukaryotic plasma membranes can participate in

A. cell movement.

B. cell division.

C. signal transduction.

D. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The liquid component of the cytoplasm is known as the

A. thylakoid.

B. cytosol.

C. cytoskeleton.

D. stroma.

cytosol.

Protein filaments with a diameter of 4-7 nm that play a role in cell movement and shape change are called A. microtubules.

B. microfilaments.

C. intermediate filaments.

D. mycelia.

microfilaments.

Protein filaments with a diameter of about 10 nm that are major components of the cytoskeleton are called A. microtubules.

B. microfilaments.

C. intermediate filaments.

D. mycelia.

intermediate filaments.

A filamentous organelle comprised of tubulins with a diameter of 25 nm is called

A. microtubule.

B. microfilament.

C. intermediate filament.

D. mycelia.

microtubule.

The endoplasmic reticulum is composed of flattened sacs called A. thylakoids.

B. cristae.

C. cisternae.

D. vacuomes.

cisternae

The process by which a cell imports large particles by enclosing them in vesicles pinched off from the plasma membrane is called

A. exocytosis.

B. phagocytosis.

C. pinocytosis.

D. nutrient cytosis.

phagocytosis.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the

A. the assembly of ribosomes.

B. packaging of materials for excretion.

C. formation of mesosomes.

D. replication of chromosomes.

packaging of materials for excretion.

A lysosome containing undigested material is called A. a phagosome.

B. an endosome.

C. a residual body.

D. a coated vesicle.

a residual body

Which of the following organelles is involved in the modification, packaging, and secretion of materials? A. Lysosomes

B. Golgi apparatus

C. Mitochondria

D. Centrioles

Golgi apparatus

Enzymes needed to digest all types of macromolecules are found in A. lysosomes.

B. Golgi apparatus.

C. mitochondria.

D. centrioles.

lysosomes

Proteins are synthesized on structures called A. mesosomes.

B. lysosomes.

C. ribosomes.

D. chromosomes.

ribosomes.

The major site of cell membrane synthesis is the A. nucleus.

B. plasma membrane.

C. lysosome.

D. endoplasmic reticulum.

endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following parts of the Golgi complex receives materials from the ER?

A. Cis face

B. Trans face

C. Cisternal edges

D. None of these are correct.

Cis face

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A. depends on formation of clathrin coated pits that pinch off.

B. is used to internalize molecules such as hormones, growth factors, iron, and cholesterol.

C. involves formation of caveolae that are enriched in cholesterol and caveolin.

D. is typically used to internalize plasma membranes added by exocytosis.

E. depends on formation of clathrin coated pits that pinch off and is used to internalize molecules such as hormones, growth factors, iron, and cholesterol

depends on formation of clathrin coated pits that pinch off and is used to internalize molecules such as hormones, growth factors, iron, and cholesterol.

The Golgi apparatus is comprised of flattened, saclike structures called __________, which may be clustered in one region or scattered throughout the cell.

A. cristae

B. thylakoids

C. cisternae

D. vesiculae

cisternae

Stacks of cisternae in the Golgi apparatus are referred to as A. stigmata.

B. golgisomes.

C. dictyosomes.

D. Lamellisomes.

dictyosomes.

The nucleolar organizer is a part of a specific chromosome that directs the synthesis of

A. transfer RNA (tRNA).

B. ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

C. messenger RNA (mRNA).

D. heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).

ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

A (n) __________ is a special type of lysosome used by a cell to selectively digest and recycle cytoplasmic contents, such as mitochondria.

A. suicide vacuole

B. turnover lysosome

C. recycling vacuole

D. autophagosome

autophagosome

The nucleolus plays a major role in synthesis of A. mRNA.

B. tRNA.

C. rRNA.

D. transcription activation proteins.

rRNA.

Which of the following is a function of the mitochondrion?

A. Tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme reactions

B. Electron transport

C. ATP synthesis

D. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The organelle responsible for harvesting light as an energy source for photosynthesis is the

A. kinetoplast.

B. centriole.

C. chloroplast.

D. mitochondrion.

chloroplast.

The enzymes and electron carriers involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are located in the __________ membrane of the mitochondrion.

A. inner

B. outer

C. inner and outer

D. neither inner nor outer

inner

The formation of carbohydrate (CO2 fixation) in the dark reaction of photosynthesis, takes place in the A. stroma.

B. cytoplasm.

C. thylakoid membrane.

D. nucleus.

stroma.

The light reactions of photosynthesis, which form ATP and NADPH, take place in the

A. stroma.

B. cytoplasm.

C. thylakoid membrane.

D. nucleus.

thylakoid membrane.

Construction of flagella and/or cilia is directed by the A. axoneme.

B. tubulin.

C. centriole.

D. basal body.

basal body.

An arrangement of microtubules located in the matrix of cilia and flagella is called the __________.

A. axial bundle

B. axial filament

C. axoneme

D. axillary tubule

axoneme

Flimmer filaments

A. permit flagella to pull rather than push the cell.

B. function to move cells on solid surfaces.

C. are components of all eukaryotic flagella.

D. None of the choices are correct.

permit flagella to pull rather than push the cell.

Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A. The use of DNA for the storage of genetic information

B. The presence of ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins

C. The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm

D. All of the choices are correct.

The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm

The most important distinguishing feature of eukaryotes that is lacking in prokaryotes is

A. the presence of a cell wall in eukaryotes.

B. the cell respiration process which if fundamentally different in prokaryotes.

C. the DNA replication mechanism .

D. the division of the cell into compartments bounded by membranes.

the division of the cell into compartments bounded by membranes.

Ribosomes are not considered to be organelles because they are not bounded by a membrane. (T/F)

True

All of the following processes are located within a membranous structure EXCEPT

A. cell respiration - electron transport chain.

B. photosynthesis - light reactions.

C. intracellular digestion of food particles.

D. protein synthesis (translation).

protein synthesis (translation).

Which mechanism of nutrient acquisition is not seen in bacteria?

A. Simple diffusion

B. Facilitated diffusion

C. Endocytosis

D. Active transport

E. Group translocation

Endocytosis

Which of the following eukaryotes typically have cell walls? (Check all that apply.)

____ Algae

____ Protozoa

____ Fungi

____ Animals

Algae; fungi

A drug, colchicine, can be added to cells in culture and it stops the polymerization of microtubules. What effect would this have on mitosis?

A. It would speed up mitosis by increasing the rate of DNA replication.

B. It would slow or block mitosis by preventing DNA replication.

C. It would slow or block mitosis by interfering with the spindle apparatus function.

D. It would speed up mitosis by increasing the elongation rate of the dividing cell.

It would slow or block mitosis by interfering with the spindle apparatus function.

Order the following statements to correctly describe the route of secreted protein as it is synthesized and secreted from a eukaryotic cell.

3 The protein folds and undergoes modification within the rough ER.

4 The protein travels within a membranous vesicle from the ER to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. 1 Translation begins on a ribosome.

5 The protein travels toward the trans face of the Golgi, from which it is packaged into a secretory vesicle.

6 The secretory vesicle travels to and merges with the cell membrane, releasing its contents outside of the cell.

2 The ribosome attaches to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the newly formed polypeptide is pushed into the lumen of the rough ER.

The food vacuoles and phagocytic vacuoles are most similar to

A. mitochondria.

B. chloroplasts.

C. lysosomes.

D. Golgi apparatus.

lysosomes.

Each of the following plays a role in the recycling of proteins in a cell EXCEPT

A. ubiquitin.

B. proteasomes.

C. ATP.

D. clathrin.

clathrin.

Endocytic events

A. add membrane to the cell surface.

B. remove membrane from the cell surface.

C. have no effect on the plasma membrane.

remove membrane from the cell surface.

Which of the following must leave the nucleus via the nuclear pore complexes?

A. Immature ribosomal subunits

B. tRNA

C. mRNA

D. Immature ribosomal subunits, tRNA, and mRNA

Immature ribosomal subunits, tRNA, and mRNA

Which of the following is most likely synthesized on free ribosomes?

A. Polypeptide chains that form enzymes which function in glycolysis

B. Electron carriers of the electron transport chain

C. Polypeptide chains that form immunoglobulin molecules

D. Lysosomal enzymes

Polypeptide chains that form enzymes which function in glycolysis

In eukaryotic cells, the enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Kreb's cycle) are located

A. in the cytoplasm.

B. in the outer mitochondrial membrane.

C. in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

D. in the matrix of the mitochondria.

E. in the cristae.

in the matrix of the mitochondria.

Which of the following are characteristics of hydrogenosomes that distinguish them from mitochondria?

A. Hydrogenosomes generate ATP by fermentation.

B. The inner membrane of hydrogenosomes is not highly folded.

C. Hydrogenosomes have no DNA.

D. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

A newly discovered microorganism has a circular chromosome that is complexed with histones, but not enclosed within a membrane. The plasma membrane lipids include glycerol dietethers and diglycerol tetraethers. There are no mitochondria or chloroplasts, but the cells do contain 70s ribosomes. This microbe most likely is

A. a bacterium.

B. an archaeon.

C. a protozoan.

D. a fungus.

an archaeon.

A newly discovered unicellular microbe has a nucleus containing linear chromosomes and surrounded by a membrane. It has mitochondria, 80s ribosomes, and is covered by cilia. There is no cell wall external to the plasma membrane. This organism most likely would be a/an A. bacterium.

B. archaeon.

C. protozoan.

D. fungus.

E. algae.

protozoan.

Which cell type ranges in size from about 10 - 100 µm, has 80s ribosomes, and has internal compartments bounded by membranes?

A. Archaea

B. Bacteria

C. Eukarya

Eukarya

Which types of eukaryotic cells have cell walls composed of cellulose?

A. Algae

B. Fungi

C. Plants

D. Protozoa

E. Both algae and plants

Both algae and plants

The region of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane is the ______________.

cytoplasm

Where is the glycolysis pathway located in a cell?

A. Cristae of the mitochondria

B. Matrix of the mitoconddria

C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

D. Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Which of the following has flagella that wave back and forth?

A. Archaea

B. Bacteria

C. Eukarya

Eukarya

Which of the following has flagella that contain microtubules ?

A. Archaea

B. Bacteria

C. Eukarya

Eukarya

A eukaryotic flagellum can either push a cell through a liquid environment or pull it through depending on the undulating pattern of movement. (T/F)

True