AP Biology Structure of Water & Hydrogen Bonding

four

number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements

hydrocarbons

carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar

nonpolar

not soluable in water

polar

soluable in water

functional groups

parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions

charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule

slightly negative

charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule

slightly positive

high specific heat

property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding

evaporative cooling

water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat

the reason ice floats in liquid water

less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate

cohesion

the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules

adhesion

the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces

atom

Smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties; consisting of a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron cloud.

protons

Atomic particles with a positive charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom.

neutrons

Atomic particles with a neutral (o) charge found in the nucleus of an atom.

electrons

Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom.

ion

atom becomes charged when it gains or loses an electron

chemical bond

attraction between two atoms by transferring or sharing electrons to attain a stable electron configuration

nonpolar covalent bond

Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally.

covalent bond

Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared.

polar covalent bond

Bond that forms when electrons are shared unequally; like that between the oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule