SLPA 5109: Neurology of Communication Quiz 3

corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

What does the basal ganglia consist of?

Cx (cerebrum)

Where is the corpus striatum located?

diencephalon

Where is the subthalamic nucleus located?

midbrain

Where is the substantia nigra located?

caudate and lentiform nuclei

The corpus striatum consists of what two major anatomical divisions?

putamen & globus pallidus

What two major parts what up the lentiform nuclei?

internal segment (Gpi) & external segment (Gpe)

What two major parts make up the globus pallidus?

head, body, tail

The caudate consists of _____, _______, _______

amydaloid nucleus

The tail of the caudate is also what?

gray and white matter

The corpus striatum is made up of what kinds of matter?

posterior limb of internal capsule

The lentiform nucleus is separated from the thalamus by the _____________ of the ___________

head, body, tail of caudate nucleus & the putamen of the lentiform nucelus

From the lateral view of the corpus striatum, what can you see anatomically?

Putamen part of the lentiform nucleus, internal capsule of posterior limb, & the thalamus

From the medial view of the corpus striatum, what can you see?

striatum

Caudate and putamen share morphology and physiology, therefore, known as the _______.

Globus pallidus

_________ is distinctly different from the rest of the corpus striatum

anatomically; functionally

Corpus striatum consists of the caudate nucleus, the putamen

and the globus pallidus _________ but the striatum and pallidum __________.

subthalamus

The subthalamic nucleus is located in the ___________

yes

Is the subthalamic nucleus apart of the basal ganglia?

Glutamate

The subthalamic nucleus produces ________

feedback realtions

The subthalamic nucleus is include in the basal ganglia due to _______ ________ with basal ganglia nuclei

Hemiballismus

Damage to subthalamic nuclei produces _________

True

Hemiballismus can happen on both sides. True or False?

Hemiballismus

_________ is hyperkinetic involuntary movement disorder characterized by intermittent, sudden, violent, involuntary movement

lesion

Hemiballismus is caused by a ________ usually an infarct in or around the contralateral subthalamic nucleus

yes

Is the substantia nigra apart of the basal ganglia?

midbrain

The substantia nigra is the largest nuclear mass of the _________

substantia nigra

The ______ _______ extends full rostral-caudal length of midbrain

SN pars compacta (SNc); SN pars reticulata division (SNr)

The substantia nigra includes a _______ _____ _______ & ______ _____ _____ ______

SNc

______ is loaded with melanin

SNc

_____ gives the black appearance

SNc

_____ neurons produce large amounts of dopamine

dopamine metabolism

melanin is a byproduct of ________ _________

SNr

______ neurons produce GABA and project to thalamus

thalamus; cerebral cortex

The basal ganglia links with the _______ & __________ through a number of segregated topographically organized parallel circuits

thalamocortical; premotor, supplementary motor, and primary motor

Sensorimotor pathways through BG regulate voluntary movements via ___________ projection to the ________, _________, __________ areas of the cortex

external inputs, nuclear interconnections, outputs to sensory/motor centers

What are he basal ganglia input-outputs?

cerebral cortex, thalamus, broadmann areas

What are the BG inputs?

corticostriate projections

The input to the cerebral cortex is also known as _________ _________ to caudate and putamen via the anterior limb of IC and external capsule

topographically organized

The BG input from the cerebral cortex is ___________ organized

true

BG interconnections are between different structures in the basal ganglia? True or False

reciprocal

The striatonigral pathway & nigrostriatal pathway are _________ connections between striatum & substantia nigra

subthalamic fasiculus

reciprocal connections between pallidum and subthalamic nucleus is called the ______ ______

interconnections

connections between striatum & substantia nigra, pallidum & subthalamic nucleus, massice straioallidal projection are __________ connections

topographically organized

BG interconnections are all _________ __________

initation; disinhibition; selective inhibition

Direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia enable the cortical _________ of described voluntary movements by _________ of some thalamocortical projects nuerons and ______________ of other thalamcorical projection neurons

direct & indirect

Malfunctions of the BG are the result of an inbalance in activity in the ________ & _________ pathways

striatum, subthalamic nucleus

Malfunctions of the BG are loss of control normally exterted on the striatum by ______ ________ & loss of control normally extered in the pallidum by the ________ & ________ nucleus

striatum

_________ is involved in movement initiation

Association cortex; pallidum

___________ activates striatum, which plays out motor commands through the ________ then projects to the thalamus which serves as a relay before sending commands to area 6 ----> area 4 (MI)

negative

_________ signs are the paucity of motor output, reduced capacity in rate and range of movement

ankinesia

__________ is difficulty initiating movement

bradykinesia

__________ slowness of movement

dystonia

Abnormal postural adjustment dues to ___________ (involuntary muscle contractions)

ankinesia, bradykinesia, abnormal postural

What are negative signs?

Parkinson disease (PD)

__________ results from the death of dopamine generating cells in the substantia nigra

postitive

_______ sings are exaggerated outputs, "release" phenomenon

negative

______ signs are difficulty starting voluntary movements

postive

________ signs are when trying to preform a voluntary movement

positive

Dyskinesia is a _______ sign

tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballismus, tics

Dyskinesia includes ________, _________, _________, _________, and ______

tremor

oscillatory movements in distal muscles and throughout the vocal tract. ~ 2 Hz in the hands/fingers, ~7-9 Hz in orofacial and laryngeal muscles

chorea

rapid, jerky movements in distal structures of the limbs and orofacial system

Athetosis

slow, writhing movements affecting limb and orofacial muscles

ballismus

involuntary movement affecting the proximal limb musculature, which is manifested in jerking, flinging movements of the extremity

tics

stereotypic, repetitive movements involving several muscle groups in synchrony

positive

Rigidity is a ______ sign

rigidity

________ is alterations in muscle tone, increased stiffness is bidirectional

dyskinesia

Key feature of BG disorders is that _________ occurs at rest, involuntary

tremor, rigidity, akinesia & bradykinesia, & dystonia

PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Combination of the following occur:

Tremor

rhythmic movements thumb/finger, pill rolling

rigidity

more prominent in advanced stages

akinesia/bradykinesia

so severe that movements are initiated and carried out very slowly

Dystonia

abnormal postural adjustments

Parkinson's Disease

mask-like facial expression, stooped position while attempting to walk, shuffles feet, does not swing arms, on gaining momentum is unable to stop and falls if not caught. These are characteristics of __________

dopamine

Parkinson's disease is degeneration of ___________ nuerons in the substantia nigra

Levodopa and deep brain stimulation

What can parkinson's disease be treated with?

Levodopa

Dopamine precursor that can pass through the

blood-brain barrier

levodopa

goldstandard treatment of parkinsons

Deep brain stimulation

Interrupt the abnormal BG output that results in the tremors

deep brain stimulation

With __________ often see immediate improvements in voluntary movements and diminished rigidity

subthalamic nuclei

Deep brain stimulation is an eletroced array implanted in the ________ __________

deep brain stimulation

Researchers are not sure why _______ works. The hypothesis is that activation of inhibitory circuits prevent transmission of pathologic signals

patient selection criteria for DBS

These are________;

Disabling tremor of upper extremity

Medications ineffective Cognitively intact

Can operate a magnet

Agrees to periodic visits Absence of cardiac pacemaker Will not require repeated MRIs

huntingtons disease

_________ is the most well known disease associated with striatum

progressive

Huntington's disease is a ___________ disorder acquired by inheriting a dominant gene

striatal nuerons

Huntington's Disease is caused by degenration of _________ _________

dementia

With huntington's disease neuron degeneration may also occur in the cerebral cortex and these patients suffer from __________

Huntingtons

Athetosis and/or chorea may occur with _________ disease

Posterior cranial fossa

Where is the cerebellum located?

CBx

Cerebellum is also known as _____

timing; force

The CBx influences the ________ & __________ of voluntary muscle contractions to produce smooth, coordinated movements

3

What is the magic number for the cerebellum?

Vermis, intermediate hemisphere, and later hemisphere

What are the three sagittal divides of the cerebellum?

Flocculonodular lobe, anterior lobe, posterior lobe

How does the cerebellum divid horizontally?

flocculonodular lobe

__________ is the most inferior and oldest, receives input from vestibular system, aka vestibulocerebellum

anterior lobe

___________ is the most superior and lies anterior to the primary fissure, 2nd oldest, inputs from the limbs via spinocerebellar pathways

posterior lobe

__________ is the newest part of CBx, massive connections with cerebral cortex, aka cerebrocerebellum

peduncles

Cerebellum connected to brainstem by 3 pairs of ___________

3

Cerebellar cortex made up of ___ layers

3

Cerebellar outputs directed through ___ nuclei