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Information Systems
Helps rework products and services, recognize and capitalize on IS opportunities, enhances career advancement opportunities, improves problem-solving and decision-making skills, defines IT policies and supports new IT solutions, increases productivity and sustains competitive advantage.
Key Management Responsibilities
Identifying and using information systems for competitive advantage; managing people, technology infrastructure, processes, and organizational structure.
Leavitt's Diamond Model
A framework for introducing new systems into the workplace with four key components: People, Technology Infrastructure, Processes, and Structure.
Reasons for Using Leavitt's Diamond Model
Reduces stress during system implementation, encourages teamwork and collaboration, increases success rates of IS implementation.
Fundamental Information System Types
Personal IS - Individual productivity tools (e.g., Excel, email); Workgroup IS - Supports team collaboration (e.g., Google Drive, Slack); Enterprise IS - Organization-wide systems (e.g., ERP, CRM); Interorganizational IS - Links multiple organizations (e.g., supply chain management systems).
Role of Information Systems in Value Chains
Supports primary activities like inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing, and service; enhances competitive advantage through efficiency and innovation.
Benefits of Strategic Planning
Provides a structured framework for decision-making, ensures optimal use of resources, enhances adaptability to change, improves communication and coordination.
Key Forces of IS Organizational Strategy Development
New technology innovations, business needs and market trends, cost efficiency and resource allocation, competitive pressures.
Perceptions of IS Organization
Perception 1: Cost center → IS seen as a necessary expense, leading to minimal investment; Perception 2: Service provider → IS supports business functions but lacks strategic influence; Perception 3: Business partner/peer → IS is aligned with corporate strategy and contributes to innovation.
Non-Technical Skills for IS Professionals
Problem-solving and critical thinking, communication and teamwork, project management, business analysis.
Importance of Certification in IS Field
Validates expertise and skills, enhances career opportunities, helps stay current with industry standards, increases credibility in the job market.
Importance of Learning About Computer Crime
Growing threat to individuals and organizations, financial and reputational damage, protects personal and corporate data.
Reasons for Prevalence of Computer Crime
Increased reliance on technology, more sophisticated hacking tools, lack of security awareness, global connectivity makes cybercrime easier.
Types of Cyberattack Perpetrators
Hackers, cybercriminals, insider threats (disgruntled employees), hacktivists.
Attack Vector
A method used to breach a system, network, or device.
Commonly Used Attack Vectors
Not specified in the provided notes.
Phishing emails
Fraudulent emails designed to trick recipients into revealing personal information.
Malware and ransomware
Malicious software designed to harm or exploit any programmable device or network.
Weak passwords
Passwords that are easily guessable or not complex enough to provide security.
Exploiting software vulnerabilities
Taking advantage of flaws in software to gain unauthorized access or cause harm.
Malware
Software specifically designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.
Phishing attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in electronic communication.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks
Attacks aimed at making a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users.
Insider threats
Security risks that originate from within the organization, often involving employees or contractors.
Financial loss
The loss of money or assets due to a successful cyberattack.
Reputation damage
Harm to an organization's public image as a result of a cyber incident.
Legal penalties
Consequences imposed by law for violations related to cybersecurity.
Data theft
The unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA)
Criminalizes unauthorized access to systems.
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
Protects electronic communication privacy.
USA PATRIOT Act
Expands surveillance capabilities.
Confidentiality
Access control and encryption measures to protect sensitive information.
Integrity
Data validation and error checking processes to ensure data accuracy.
Availability
Backup systems and redundancy measures to ensure access to information.
Self-assessment of computer habits
Helps identify security vulnerabilities and reduces risk of cyber threats.
Security risk assessment steps
Identify assets, assess threats and vulnerabilities, implement security measures.
Response to a successful cyberattack
Contain the breach, notify affected parties, improve security policies.
Managed security service provider (MSSP)
Monitors and manages cybersecurity for organizations.
Computer forensics
Investigating digital crimes by analyzing electronic evidence.
Ethics and ethical dilemmas
Helps in decision-making and encourages responsible behavior.
Ethical vs. legal issues
Ethical issues are based on morals and values, while legal issues are defined by laws and regulations.
Promoting ethical behavior
Builds trust and credibility while reducing legal risks.
Ethical decision-making process steps
Recognize an ethical issue, get the facts, evaluate alternatives, make a decision, act and reflect.
Code of ethics intent and elements
Intent: Define expected behavior; Elements: High standards, decision-making guidance, accountability.
Benefits of following a code of ethics
Improves decision-making and builds public trust.
U.S. vs. EU information practices
U.S.: More industry-driven, less strict privacy laws; EU: Stronger privacy protections (e.g., GDPR).
Measures to protect personal data
Government regulations and corporate policies.
Measures individuals take for privacy
Use strong passwords, enable two-factor authentication, avoid sharing personal data unnecessarily.
Tradeoff between security and privacy
Strong security can limit privacy rights.
U.S. federal statutes on surveillance
Laws like ECPA and FISA regulate surveillance activities.
First Amendment and anonymous expression
Protects free speech and privacy in online communications.
Impact of censorship on ISPs
Limits access to information and can create compliance burdens.
Measures against defamation, hate speech, and pornography online
Content moderation policies and legal enforcement.
High-quality software vs. safety-critical systems
High-quality software: Reliable, efficient, user-friendly; Safety-critical systems: Must ensure zero failure in critical environments.
Development of safety-critical systems
Takes longer and costs more due to stringent requirements.
Safety-critical system
Requires extensive testing and compliance.
Ethical dilemmas for software developers
Data privacy vs. user tracking.
Ethical dilemmas for software developers
Security backdoors vs. Accessibility.
Data
Raw facts.
Information
Processed and organized data.
Knowledge
Understanding of information used for decision-making.
Entity
Object of interest (person, place, thing).
Attribute
Characteristic of an entity.
Primary Key
Uniquely identifies a record.
Foreign Key
Connects records between tables.
Database Management System (DBMS)
Manages and organizes databases.
Functions of DBMS
Data storage, retrieval, security, and backup.
Data Cleansing
Identifies and corrects inaccurate data.
Data Cleansing vs. Data Validation
Different from data validation.
Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagrams
Graphical representation of data structure.
Normalization
Reduces data redundancy and improves efficiency.
SQL
Language for database management (SELECT, FROM, WHERE).
ACID Properties
Ensures database integrity (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).
Database as a Service (DaaS)
Cloud-based database storage.
Data Governance
Defines roles and processes to ensure data integrity.
Data Management
Encompasses storage, security, and access policies.
Data Steward
Manages critical data entities.
Database Administrator (DBA)
Implements and manages database systems.
Big Data
Data is growing exponentially (nearly a zettabyte per year).
Sources of big data
Organizational databases, social media platforms, sensor and machine-generated data, transactional data from business operations.
Data Warehouses
Centralized storage for business data.
ETL process
Moves data from various sources to a warehouse.
Data Marts
Subset of a data warehouse, used by specific departments.
Data Lakes
Stores raw, unstructured data.
NoSQL Databases
Flexible data storage, not limited to table structures.
Hadoop
Open-source framework for big data storage and processing.
In-Memory Databases (IMDB)
Speeds up data retrieval.
Categories of NoSQL databases
Key-value, Document, Graph, Column.
Key-value
Uses key-value pairs (e.g., Redis).
Document
Stores and retrieves document-based data (e.g., MongoDB).
Graph
Analyzes relationships (e.g., Neo4j).
Column
Organizes data in columns for quick access (e.g., Cassandra).
Benefits of business intelligence (BI)
Enhances decision-making, identifies business trends, improves operational efficiency, enables predictive analytics.
Key components for effective BI and analytics
Strong data management program, skilled data scientists, commitment to data-driven decision-making.
E-commerce
Has transformed business operations and customer interactions.
Categories of e-commerce
Business-to-Business (B2B) - Companies selling to other businesses (e.g., suppliers, wholesalers).
Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
Direct sales to consumers (e.g., Amazon, Walmart).
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Peer-to-peer transactions through platforms (e.g., eBay, Etsy).
E-Government (G2C, G2B, G2G)
Government services online.
Key components of e-commerce technology infrastructure
Secure web hosting, online payment systems, mobile-friendly interfaces for m-commerce, search engine optimization (SEO), website personalization (implicit vs. explicit).
