IS Final Exam

T/F: Operational management faces primarily semi structured decisions.

False

Location analytics can be used for all of the following except ________.

Determining call center resolution rates

A drawback to high-velocity, automated decision-making systems is that ________.

Great care needs to be taken to ensure the proper operation of the systems, since they are making decisions faster than managers can monitor or control

T/F: A semi structured decision is one in which only part of the problem has a clear-cut answer provided by an accepted procedure.

True

The leading methodology for understanding the really important information needed by a firm's executives is called the ________ method.

Balanced scorecard

Which statement below is not true about large language (LL) models?

They cannot yet, but will soon be able to translate languages

T/F: Expert systems work by applying a set of decision cases against a knowledge base, both of which are extracted from human experts.

False

Calculated Numeric: Take weight plus weight

3.79 + 5.24 = 9.03

In an expert system, the set of rules that models human knowledge is called ________.

The knowledge base

A healthcare AI system trained on historical patient data consistently recommends less aggressive treatment for patients from lower-income zip codes. The algorithm's developers argue the recommendations reflect actual historical outcomes.

Applying the five-step ethical analysis process, which represents the MOST critical conflict of higher-order values in this scenario?

Historical accuracy versus equitable care

The ethical no-free-lunch rule states that ________.

If something someone else has created is useful to you, it has value, and you should assume the creator wants compensation for this work

AI systems can amplify bias because:

They learn from data that reflects existing societal biases

________ allows an organization to collect personal information without the user's explicit consent.

The opt-out model

T/F: A user model in a recommender system only includes demographic information about the user

False

In the context of Multi-Stakeholder Recommender Systems, which three parties must the system create value for?

The Consumer (User), The Provider (Supplier), and The System Owner (Platform).

What is a key advantage of deep learning techniques in recommender systems?

They require less feature engineering and can process multiple data types

What is emphasized in the new definition of a ‘good’ employee in modern workplaces?

The ability to collaborate effectively across diverse teams.

Which of the following describes the main purpose of Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)?

To collect, store, disseminate, and utilize knowledge within an organization.

Which of the following best describes the difference between data and knowledge?

Data represents raw facts before transformation, while knowledge includes concepts, experience, and insights that help create and use information

A decision-making situation that is novel, non-routine, and for which no established, agreed-upon procedure or rule exists to reach a solution is best classified as a(n) ________.

Unstructured decisions

Blockchain refers to a technology that ________.

Uses a chain of digital "blocks" that contain records of transactions

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act ________.

Imposes responsibility on companies and management to safeguard the accuracy of financial information

When a hacker discovers a security hole in software that is unknown to the software's creator, it is an example of ________.

Zero-day vulnerability

A ________ is an opportunity for attackers to gain access to individual or organizational assets

Vulnerability

Which quality dimension of information is concerned that all the necessary data needed to make a decision is present?

Completeness

T/F: Some decision scenarios made by middle managers may have unstructured components.

True

T/F: Data analytics involves collecting, storing, inspecting, cleaning, modeling, and querying data

True

Which of the following is an example of explicit feedback?

Rating a movie with 4 out of 5 stars

A business is deciding between a Content-Based and a Collaborative Filtering approach. Which of the following is a specific limitation of Collaborative Filtering that the manager must consider?

It cannot recommend items to users unless other similar users have already interacted with those items.

Which type of data is considered most critical for recommender systems?

Interaction Data

Which of the following is not one of the current key technology trends that raises ethical issues?

Increase in data quality

A company develops an AI system that generates product descriptions. The system occasionally produces text nearly identical to copyrighted marketing materials in its training data.

All training data should be assumed owned by someone and appropriate licenses should be obtained

T/F: Software can never be considered to be a trading secret

False

A person steals food from a grocery store in order to feed their starving family. Which of the following best expresses the utilitarian principle when evaluating this situation?

His action is acceptable, because the higher social value is the survival of the family.

A statement ranking information risks and identifying security goals would be included in which of the following?

Security policy

T/F: Smartphones are not vulnerable to malicious software or penetration from outsiders.

False

________ is malware that hijacks a user's computer and demands payment in return for giving back access.

Ransomware

All of the following have contributed to an increase in software flaws except ________.

The increase in the number of computer hackers in the world

According to the four stages of knowledge management, which stage involves making knowledge easily accessible through portals, wikis, and search engines?

Knowledge dissemination

What type of decision is characterized as unstructured and often requires collaborative effort?

Strategic decisions that address broad organizational issues.

Why is communication considered a crucial factor in collaboration?

It enables effective sharing of information and ideas among team members.

Which combination of collaboration dimensions would be best suited for a globally dispersed team working on a time-sensitive project?

Synchronous communication in a remote space.

T/F: Computer vision systems can view and extract information from real-world images.

True

Which statement below is not true about fuzzy logic?

It can best be thought of as making decisions based on IF-THEN rules.

T/F: Neural network applications explain why they arrive at a particular solution.

False

Neural networks ________.

Are programs that learn patterns from large quantities of data

Which AI application is commonly used for image classification?

Computer Vision systems.

T/F: A structured decision is repetitive and routine.

True

T/F: The underlying foundation of BI is a powerful database system that captures all the relevant data to operate the business.

True

T/F: Data visualization technologies are used to help human users see patterns and relationships in large amounts of data.

True

What significant risk arises from high-velocity automated decision-making?

Lack of human oversight

T/F: An unstructured decision is novel and important and requires the decision maker to provide judgment, evaluation, and insight.

True

Advertisers use ________ in order to display more relevant ads based on a user's search and browsing history.

Behavioral targeting

The right to ________ is a feature of the GDPR that allows individuals to request that organizations delete their personal data.

Be forgotten

An AI system makes a loan denial decision. When the applicant requests an explanation, the company cannot provide specific reasons because the neural network's decision-making process is opaque.

This situation creates challenges for which foundational concept of ethical conduct?

Due Process - because the decision cannot be meaningfully understood or appealed

AI's capability for detailed profiling raises which of the following concerns?

Potential erosion of individual privacy

Which of the following is not a principal cause of poor system performance?

Computer abuse

Which of the following best describes a recommender system?

A software tool that suggests items most likely to interest a specific user

Implicit feedback is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

It provides a clear, strong signal of user preference

In collaborative filtering, the "cold start problem" refers to:

The challenge of making recommendations for new items with no ratings

Which of the following best describes the primary business value of implementing a recommender system?

Increasing the conversion rate by helping users find relevant items

Which of the following is NOT a core collaboration tool category?

Financial Management Tools.

T/F: Because collaboration involves feedback and iteration, it is inevitable that dozens, or even hundreds, of documents will be created.

True

When a document on a file server allows anonymous editing by team members, the primary missing feature that results in an inability to track and verify who made specific changes is lack of:

Accountability (audit control)

________ are small files that enables a browser to access websites without having to sign in every time.

Cookies

Which of the following statements is TRUE about human safeguards for employees in the context of information security?

User accounts should be defined to give users the least possible privilege needed to perform their jobs.

Which of the following statements about blockchain is not true?

The data represented in a blockchain is maintained in a central database.

T/F: An acceptable use policy defines acceptable uses of the firm's information resources and computing equipment.

True

Consider the neural network below, which classifies points in the x–y plane as red or green.

The network weights connecting the input layer to Hidden Neuron 1 are as follows:

• weight(x→neuron1) ​= 3.79

• weight(y→neuron1) ​= 5.24

Assume the output of Hidden Neuron 1 is the weighted sum of inputs.

If a point with coordinates x=1 and y=1 is fed into the network, calculate the output of Hidden Neuron 1.

9.03

Which of the following best describes a difference between neural networks and genetic algorithms?

Genetic algorithms are used to evaluate alternative solutions to problems, whereas neural networks are used to discover patterns in data.

Which of the following is not true about cybersecurity problems associated with AI?

AI has made it harder for hackers and cybercriminals to subvert cybersecurity protection systems.

Unsupervised machine learning involves ________.

Allowing the algorithm to identify patterns and relationships on its own and then report whatever patterns it finds

Which of the following statements about robotics is not true?

Robotics does not require programming but instead relies solely on AI.

In the context of recommender systems, what is the "Filter Bubble" ethical challenge?

The system limits a user's exposure to diverse content, reinforcing existing preferences.

A ________ is where businesses hire many people as independent contractors for a short period of time.

Gig economy

What role does 'AI collaboration' play in modern workplaces?

AI enhances productivity by automating routine tasks and providing insights.

Mary's team is located in different countries. Because of the time zone differences, it is difficult for the team to meet all together, so their meetings are conducted ________.

Asynchronously

In the context of collective decision-making, what is a benefit of using collaboration tools?

Improved efficiency and quality of decisions made.

If you can follow a definite procedure to make a business decision, you are making a(n) ________ decision.

Structured

Which of the following statements best describes the business value of improved decision making at all levels of a firm?

Improved decision making results in a large monetary value for the firm as numerous small daily decisions affecting efficiency, production, costs, and more add up to large annual values.

The increasing integration of which technology is a trend in BI and analytics?

AI and Machine Learning

Which type of information system uses data visualization technology to analyze and display data for planning and decision making in the form of digitized maps?

GIS

Which statement below is not true about Generative AI (GenAI)?

Gen AI cannot produce new software programs yet, but it should be able to soon.

Which of the following is not true about AI bias?

AI bias always benefits underrepresented groups.

What is the main concern regarding AI's environmental impact?

High energy consumption associated with training large models.

Which of the following has a hidden layer that processes inputs?

Neural network

T/F: Transparency in AI refers to the ability to examine the workings of an AI model and understand how it reaches its decisions.

True

Under Fair Information Practices (FIP), which principle requires that organizations inform individuals about data collection practices?

Notice/Awareness

T/F: Because of their special claims to knowledge, wisdom, and respect, professionals take on special rights and obligations.

True

T/F: Ethics describes the principles of right and wrong that can be used by individuals to make choices to guide their behavior.

True

A common ethical issue in digital media is:

Ease of replication and distribution of digital works

Which of the following statements about cookies is not true?

Cookies are installed only at the user's request.

T/F: Social engineering involves attacks that take advantage of flawed human judgment by convincing the victim to take actions that are counter to security policies.

True

Which of the following statements about passwords is not true?

Authentication cannot be established by the use of a password.

Which of the following refers to policies, procedures, and technical measures used to prevent unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to information systems?

Security

T/F: Zero defects cannot be achieved in larger software programs because fully testing programs that contain thousands of choices and millions of paths would require thousands of years.

True

________ is spyware that logs and transmits everything a user types.

A Keylogger

Humans are eliminated from the decision chain because they are too slow in which decision-making process?

High-velocity

Which of the following typically makes the unstructured decisions for a firm?

Senior management

Context aware recommender systems improve recommendations by considering

Situational factors like time, location, and social setting