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Social constructionism
The theory that people construct their own understanding of things, people, and events regardless of accuracy.
Symbol
An object that has an agreed-upon meaning, such as the US flag representing the United States.
Socialization
The process through which individuals learn about society and their roles within it.
Impression management
The process of controlling how one presents themselves in social interactions.
Performance breakdown
A moment when others do not accept the idealized performance we present.
Saving face
The act of maintaining one's self-image and continuing to perform as expected after a performance breakdown.
Ethnography
A qualitative research approach focused on understanding a group’s culture through immersive observation.
Reliability
The consistency and stability of research findings.
Validity
The accuracy of research results regarding what they purport to measure.
Cultural relativism
The practice of judging a culture by its own standards rather than by the standards of one's own culture.
Cultural capital
The non-economic social assets that help individuals succeed, including education, skills, and cultural knowledge.
Hidden curriculum
The unspoken and implicit values and norms taught in educational settings that shape student behavior.
Sanctions
Reactions to a person's behavior that encourage or discourage adherence to social norms.
Social norms
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others, leading to judgment of other cultures by one's own standards.
Types of Norms
Social norms can be classified into three types: folkways (informal norms), mores (moral norms), and laws (formal norms).
Research Ethics
A set of principles that guide researchers to conduct their studies in a way that respects the rights and welfare of participants.
Belmont Report's Principles
A foundational document that outlines three ethical principles in research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Folkways
Informal, everyday norms that govern casual interactions, such as dress codes or table manners.
Mores
Norms that embody the moral views of a group, often linked to ethical behavior and societal values.
Laws
Formal norms that are established through legislation and enforced by governmental institutions.
Respect for Persons
An ethical principle that acknowledges the autonomy of individuals and requires obtaining informed consent.
Beneficence
An ethical principle that promotes the well-being of participants, requiring that research minimizes harm and maximizes benefits.
Justice
An ethical principle that ensures fair distribution of research benefits and burdens among various groups.
