Untitled Flashcards Set

Social constructionism

The theory that people construct their own understanding of things, people, and events regardless of accuracy.

Symbol

An object that has an agreed-upon meaning, such as the US flag representing the United States.

Socialization

The process through which individuals learn about society and their roles within it.

Impression management

The process of controlling how one presents themselves in social interactions.

Performance breakdown

A moment when others do not accept the idealized performance we present.

Saving face

The act of maintaining one's self-image and continuing to perform as expected after a performance breakdown.

Ethnography

A qualitative research approach focused on understanding a group’s culture through immersive observation.

Reliability

The consistency and stability of research findings.

Validity

The accuracy of research results regarding what they purport to measure.

Cultural relativism

The practice of judging a culture by its own standards rather than by the standards of one's own culture.

Cultural capital

The non-economic social assets that help individuals succeed, including education, skills, and cultural knowledge.

Hidden curriculum

The unspoken and implicit values and norms taught in educational settings that shape student behavior.

Sanctions

Reactions to a person's behavior that encourage or discourage adherence to social norms.

Social norms

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one’s own culture is superior to others, leading to judgment of other cultures by one's own standards.

Types of Norms

Social norms can be classified into three types: folkways (informal norms), mores (moral norms), and laws (formal norms).

Research Ethics

A set of principles that guide researchers to conduct their studies in a way that respects the rights and welfare of participants.

Belmont Report's Principles

A foundational document that outlines three ethical principles in research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Folkways

Informal, everyday norms that govern casual interactions, such as dress codes or table manners.

Mores

Norms that embody the moral views of a group, often linked to ethical behavior and societal values.

Laws

Formal norms that are established through legislation and enforced by governmental institutions.

Respect for Persons

An ethical principle that acknowledges the autonomy of individuals and requires obtaining informed consent.

Beneficence

An ethical principle that promotes the well-being of participants, requiring that research minimizes harm and maximizes benefits.

Justice

An ethical principle that ensures fair distribution of research benefits and burdens among various groups.