EXAM ONE MEOW

equilibrium potential

zero net flw

electrical current flows

positive to negative

Na naturally

conc flows into cell, so elec flows out

POSITIVE 

Potassium (K) naturall

conc flows out of cell, so current flows in

NEGATIVE BANANAS

depolarization

become more positive, Sodium / NA

repolarization

become more negative, potassium / k

NEGATIVE BANANAS

graded potential types 

chemical (ach), voltage, pressure

voltage graded locations

neural axons, skeletal muscle, sarcolemma, cardiac

contiguous propagation

unmyelinated, slow

saltatory propagation

myelinated, 50x faster

four glial cells

oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, microglial, ependymal

ependymal

makes CSF

microglial

cleans up

astrocyte

blood brain barrier 

security at astroworld

oligodendrocytes

myelin sheath

my oli pop

CSF functions 

cushions, exchange nutrients 

from subarachnoid, made by ependymal

blood brain barrier

security for brain cells

hydrophobic things can diffuse (things that can diffuse through membrane)

three regions of brain

forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem

forebrain regions

cerebrum, diencephalon

cerebrum

4 regions, FPOT

frontal lobe

thought, personality, speech, VOLUNTARY

parietal

touch, proprioception, pain

occipital

vision

temporal

left and right lobe

left temporal lobe 

logic, math, reasoning

right temporal lobe

music, creativity

diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

thalamus

sensory and motor

hypothalamus

hunger, thirst, endocrine

cerebellum

ballerina- balance and coordinationb

brainstem

M,P,M

heart, blood pressure, breathing, digesting, background like the stem of a flower

high metabolic organs

kidneys, heart, brain

motor unit

one neuron and one muscle fiber

neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

myasthenia gravis

antibodies block nicotinic cholinergic receptor

botox

prevents ach from even leaving 

sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium

A band

myosin

AHeM

H zone

portion with thick band (part of A)

AHeM

M line 

anchors myosin 

I band

actin

Z line

anchors actin

thick 

myosin, ATPase site, actin bind site

thin

actin, tropomyosin and troponin

type one fiber

slow ox

slow, slow, sparse

posture endurance

type 2A 

fast ox

fast, fast, dense

walking, endurance

type 2X

fast glycolytic'

fast, fast, dense

sprint

fatigue caused by

run out of fuel, build up of metabolitesme

metabolites

potassium which cockblocks Ca

H+ buildup which affects pH and causes pain

types of stimuli

visceral and somatosensoroy

somatosensory

things you can feel, skin, muscle, other senses

visceral 

within the body

sensory unit

ONE afferent neuron 

receptive field

the region of receptors for one neuron

lateral inhibition

GABA (neurotransmitter) inhibits calcium channel

pain neurotransmitters

substance P and glutamate 

prostaglandins

enhance pain, lower threshold

endogenous opiates

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

suppress pain by blocking Ca+

autonomic 

sympathetic, parasympathetic

has pre and post ganglionic neurons 

parasympathetic chain

acetylcholine (nicotinic) » acetylcholine (muscarinic)

sympathetic

acetylcholine (nicotinic) » norepinephrine (adrenergic)

acetylcholine (nicotinic) » gland

sympathetic straight to gland example 

catecholamines from adrenal gland (adrenaline etc)

autonomic receptors

cholinergic and adrenergic

cholinergic

nicotinic- opens na/k channels

muscarinic - g protein

ach

adrenergic

a or b, norepinephrine or epinephrine

alpha 1

phospholipase c, protein kinase, IP3, DAG

Beta

adenylate cyclase and cAMPal

alpha 2 

inhibits adenylate cyclase

how to get rid of AcH

acetylcholinesterase h

how to get rid of norepinephrine

reuptake channel

passive transport definition

moves down the electrochemical gradient

passive transport types

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion 

goes through the lipid bilayer (membrane) or thru Channels 

simple diffusion rate

magnitude of driving force (how much?)

membrane surface area (how big?)

membrane permeability (how easy?)

channels

simple diffusion uses

facilitated diffusion

uses carriers c

carriers undergo

conformational change 

rate of facilitated diffusion

speed of carriers, number of carriers, concentration gradient

water chases

ions

infusing into body

ECF goes up 

losing fluids

ECF goes down

active transport types

primary and secondary

active transport uses 

pumps

primary active transport

just using ATP to pump, like sodium potassium ATPase

Sod Pot ATPase

3 Na out, 2K in

secondary active transport 

uses a buddy, symport and antiport

vesicular transport

endocytosis and exocytosis

3 types of signaling

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

autocrine

cell signals to itself or identical cell

paracrine

cell to another cell in the same tissue/organ

ex neurotransmitters or pancreas

endocrine 

cell to blood and then other region of bod

receptor properties

specificity, saturation, competitions

specificity

messenger has one receptor except insulin which can bind to a few

saturation

more saturated, more binding

higher affinity = binds faster

competition 3 main players

endogenous ligand, agonist, antagonist

endogenous ligand

natural baddie, causes a response/good guy, made by body

agonist

good guy, doesn’t have to be made by body 

antagonist

cock blocker, binds with no bio response

water soluable hormone examples

peptides and catecholamines (pep & cat) like adrenaline

water soluble definition

easily dissolved in water/blood, free ballin

can’t go thru membrane