Diabetes W1

What causes polyuria in diabetes?

High blood glucose makes kidneys remove excess glucose via urination → increased urine output.

What causes polydipsia in diabetes?

Excessive urination → dehydration → increased thirst.

What causes polyphagia in diabetes?

Glucose can’t be used by cells, so the body uses protein and fat → increased hunger and fatigue.

Why do infections occur more often in diabetes?

High glucose weakens the immune system.

Why is healing slow in diabetes?

High glucose damages blood vessels → reduced circulation → slow healing.

Why does vision change in diabetes?

Osmosis causes the lens to swell due to high glucose.

What is ketoacidosis and why does it occur?

When glucose can’t be used, the body breaks down fat too quickly → ketones → acidic blood.

Symptoms of ketoacidosis?

Dehydration, vomiting, fast breathing.

How does diabetes cause heart disease?

High glucose damages endothelium → inflammation → plaque formation → narrowed arteries.

What is diabetic nephropathy?

High blood glucose damages kidney glomeruli → leads to renal failure.

What causes Type 1 diabetes?

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.

What happens to insulin in Type 1 diabetes?

Pancreas fails to produce insulin.

What happens to glucose uptake in Type 1?

No insulin → receptors not activated → glucose channels don’t open → glucose stays in blood.

What causes Type 2 diabetes?

Dietary factors (overfeeding) → insulin resistance.

What is insulin resistance?

Insulin is present but cells stop responding to it.

Why does insulin resistance develop?

Chronic high glucose intake → pancreas overworks → receptors stop responding.

What happens to glucose channels in Type 2 diabetes?

Receptors stop binding insulin → channels don’t open → glucose stays in blood.