Bacte Lec - Comprehensive (3rd Year - 1st Sem: Comprehensive)

Fimbriae

It is a fine hairlike bristle from the cell surface used for adhesion to other cells and surfaces

Pili/Pilus

Appendages for mating

False
• Capsule = highly organized & tightly attached
• Slime Layer = loosely organized & loosely attached

[True or False]
The capsule is a highly organized but loosely attached glycocalyx while the slime layer / biofilm is a loosely organized but tightly attached glycocalyx

• Nucleoid
• Ribosomes
• Inclusions

Primary components of the bacterial cytoplasm

Plasmids

It is the self-replicating, small circles of extrachromosomal DNA which encodes for antibiotic resistance, toxic metal tolerance, enzymes & toxins

Endospores

They are dormant, resting cells (cryptobiotic) which are intracellular, but they are released as free endospores. They are highly resistant to environmental stresses

Pressurized steam at 120oC for 20-30 minutes

How do we control endospores?

Numerical Taxonomy

A classification system based on frequency of trait-sharing (phenetics)

Species

It is the "basic unit" of taxonomy

Strains

It is a population of microbes descended from a single individual or pure culture

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

A manual that aids in identification of unknowns, which is the main resource for determining the identity of bacteria species

Photoheterotroph

Microorganism that use light at its energy source and organic compounds as its carbon source

Chemoautotrophs

Microorganisms that use chemical at its energy source and carbon dioxide as its carbon source

Growth Factors

They essential substances that the organism is unable to synthesize from available nutrient

Capnophiles

Microorganism that thrive in high concentrations of carbon dioxide

Mesophiles (20°C to 45°C)

A thermal requirement for most pathogenic organisms

Psychrophiles

They are microorganisms that thrive in extremely cold environments

Xerophiles

Microorganism that thrive in extremely dry environments

Log phase (exponential phase)

It is the cellular reproduction stage of microbial growth

Semi-Solid media

A type of culture media according to consistency that has 0.3-0.5% agar in it

Vertical Gene Transfer

A genetic transfer based on Mother cell to offspring or through Binary Fission

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A genetic transfer based on Transformation, Conjugation, & Transduction

Conjugation

A gene transfer in microorganisms that is cell-to-cell contact or Donor and recipient cells through the use of sex pili

Transduction

A gene transfer in microorganisms through a phage vector that is Generalized and specialized

1/100,000,000

What is the "normal" mutation rate of microorganis,

Triple Packaging System

What packaging system should me employed for packaging infectious substance for shipping

20 - 60 mL

Volume of blood to be collected for adult patients

5 - 10 mL

Volume of blood to be collected for pediatric patients

1:10 ratio

Recommended blood-to-broth ratio

• Calcium alginate
• Swabs with wooden shafts or cotton swabs

What type of swabs should be avoided when conducting a Nasopharyngeal Swab?

Synthetic fiber swabs (Dacron/nylon)

What type of swabs should be used when conducting a Nasopharyngeal Swab?

• Less than 10 epithelium cells
• More than 25 pus cells

What should be in the Bartlett's Sputum Classification?

Microbiology (GS & culture)

When collecting for Cerebrospinal fluid, what test should be done in the 2nd tube?

Chemo/Sero

When collecting for Cerebrospinal fluid, what test should be done in the 1st tube?

Hematology

When collecting for Cerebrospinal fluid, what test should be done in the 3rd tube?

Cary Blair

What is the transport medium for rectal swab/stool?

Dyar

Special staining for cell wall of microorganism

• Leifson's
• Fischer-Conn
• Gray's

Special staining for Flagella of microorganism

1. Crystal violet
2. Gram's iodine
3. Acetone alcohol
4. Safranin

Orderly procedure of gram staining

The decolorizer used
• Hucker's Modification = Acetone alcohol
• Burke's Modification = Sodium Bicarbonate +
Ether-acetone

What is the difference between Hucker's Modification and Burke's Modification in gram staining?

Benian theory

A theory of gram staining where gram positive are believed to be due to Less permeable cell wall and gram negative are believed to be due to permeable cell walls

Stearn & Stearn Theory

A theory of gram staining where gram positive are believed to be due to low isoelectric point making them acidic so it binds well with basic dye and gram negative are believed to be due to increase isoelectric point making them basic

True

[True or False]
Teichoic acid is based on gram-positive bacteria while mycolic acid is based on the acid-fastness of bacteria

Mycolic acid

It is responsible for the acid fastness of mycobacteria

1. Carbolfuchsin
2. Heat
3. Acid-alcohol
4. Methylene blue

Orderly procedure of acid fast test

The mordant used
• Ziehl-Neelsen Staining = Heat
• Kinyoun method = Wetting agents

What is the difference between the Ziehl-Neelsen method and Kinyoun method for acid fasting?

Enrichment

A type of culture media that Promotes growth of certain organisms

Selective

A type of culture media that contains inhibitory agents that prevents / suppress growth of unwanted microbes

Differential

A type of culture media that displays visible differences among microbes

MacConkey Agar

A medium that is selective for Gram-negative bacteria

Columbia CNA Agar

A medium that is selective for Gram-positive bacteria

Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)

A medium that is selective for Staphylococcus bacteria

Blood Agar Plate (BAP)

A medium that differentiates based on its hemolytic pattern

Transport

A medium that maintains viability of bacteria and slows rate of reproduction

Sterilization

It is the destruction of all microbial life, including bacterial endospores

Disinfection

It destroys most microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate objects

Moist heat (steam under pressure)

It is used to sterilize biohazardous trash and heat-stable objects; an autoclave is used for this purpose

Dry heat

It kills by oxidation effects; used to sterilize items such as glassware, oil, petrolatum, or powders; an oven is used for this purpose

Incineration

It a method of treating infectious waste by burning them

Peracetic Acid

It is an effective liquid sporicidal even in the presence of organic material; sterilant for the surface sterilization of surgical instruments; does not leave toxic residues

Hydrogen Peroxide

It is an effective in disinfection of inanimate objects; sporicidal at higher temperatures

Microbial virulence factors

Provide microorganisms with the capacity to avoid host defenses and damage host cells, tissues and organs in a number of ways

M protein

Adhesins or ligands for Streptococcus pyogenes

Opa protein

Adhesins or ligands for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Tapered end

Adhesins or ligands for Treponema pallidum

Exotoxin

Toxins that are produced inside mostly gram-positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. They are then secreted or released following lysis into the surrounding medium

Endotoxin

Toxins that are part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

• Genus Staphylococcus
• Genus Gemella
• Genus Macrococcus
• Genus Salinicoccus

The Family Staphylococcaceae includes what genera?

• GenusMicrococcus
• Genus Arthrobacteria
• Genus Kocuria

The Family Micrococcaceae includes what genera?

Stomatococcus mucilaginosus (Rothia mucilaginosus)

The member of the Genus Stomatococcus

Staphylococcus aureus

What is a coagulase positive Staphylococcus?

Catalase: Positive
Gram stain: Positive
Motility: Nonmotile
Nitrate reduction: Reducers

General characteristics of Staphylococcus in terms of:
Catalase:
Gram stain:
Motility:
Nitrate reduction:

False
Lysotaphin = sensitive
Bacitracin = resistant

[True or False]
Staphylococci are Lysostaphin resistant while Bacitracin sensitive

Protein A

A virulence factor of Staphylococcus that binds to Fc region of IgG and affects the immediate & delayed hypersensitivity reactions

Capsular polysaccharide

It is anti-phagocytic structure of Staphylococci that enhance binding to host cells & prosthetics

Peptidoglycan & Teichoic acid

It is a chemoattractant of Staphylococci for neutrophils which activates complement and elicits production of IL-1 & opsonic Abs by monocytes and mediates adhesion by binding to tissue fibronectin

Exfoliatin

A toxin produced by Staphylococci that hydrolyze tissue thru cleaving the Stratum granulosum materials; keratin) (Responsible for SSS = Scalded skin syndrome)

Enterotoxin A & B

What enterotoxin is responsible for food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus?

Catalse

An enzyme of Staphylococcus that onactivates hydrogen peroxide

Staphylokinase = Staphylococcus
Streptokinase = Streptococcus

An enzyme that dissolve clot; spreads infection; produce lipase

Beta Lactams

An enzyme that hydrolyzes and inactivates penicillin;
breakdown of beta lactam ring in the penicillin

Bound coagulase

It is the clotting factor that reacts directly with
fibrinogen

Toxic Shock Syndrome

It is a multisystemic disease caused by TSST-1 producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus

Biofilm production

Virulence factor of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A Staphylococcus that is the important cause of UTI among sexually active females

Ability to adhere to epithelial cells of the urinary tract

Virulence factor of Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

They are Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce B-lactamase & are penicillin-resistant

Staphyloxanthin

A yellow pigment of Staphylococcus aureus

Catalase test

A test that differentiates Staphylococcus from Streptococcus

Coagulase test

A test that differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from CoNS

Modified Oxidase Test

A test that differentiates Micrococcus from Staphylococcus

Bacitracin Susceptibility Test

A test to differentiate Micrococcus & Rothia from Staphylococcus

Novobiocin susceptibility test

A test to differentiate S. saprophyticus from other CoNS

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

It is the only Staphylococcus who is resistant to novobiocin

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A Staphylococcus specie that is difficult to treat and removal of the prosthetics may be done

zone of inhibition is more than 16 mm

What is a susceptible result for novobiocin test?

Zones of inhibition is more than 10 mm

What is a susceptible result for the bacitracin susceptibility test?

Methyl Green

In DNAse test, what does the DNA bind when the results shows a green color and becomes colorless then DNA is hydrolyzed

Toluidine Blue O

In DNAse test, what does the DNA bind when the results shows a bright pink color

Pyelonephritis

When Staphylococcus saprophyticus is untreated, it will progress into what disease?