APUSH Review Packet of Doom Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing material in the AP U.S. Review Packet of Doom including people, places, events, and vocabulary

James Fennimore Cooper

First great American author; wrote in the early 19th century; wrote The Last of the Mohicans; popularized naturalist literature; explored the line between civilization and nature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist essayist and philosopher from New England; icon of the Romantic Age; wanted people to embrace change and value individuality; wrote “Self Reliance.”He emphasized the importance of nature and intuition in understanding the world.

Henry David Thoreau

transcendentalist: Follower of Emerson and a believer in the power of the individual to triumph over evil social pressures; wrote “Civil Disobedience” and Walden.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Northeastern political writer; wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin(1852) that dramatized slave society and became a weapon used by abolitionists to alert people to the evils of slavery

Mark Twain

(1860-90s) Perhaps the most famous American author; rooted in the realist tradition, Twain used humor and satire to dramatize life during the Gilded Age; works include Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, The Innocents Abroad.

Upton Sinclair

Used novels to alert readers to social ills; The Jungle(1905) sensationalized and dramatized the lack of safety and sanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The most famous of the Jazz Age authors; hard-working and hard-partying; chronicled the reckless abandon and spiritual hollowness of the twenties; famous works include The Great Gatsby(1925) and This Side of Paradise.

John Steinbeck

Most important of the Depression Era authors; most famous book The Grapes of Wrath(1939) chronicled the Joad family's migration from Oklahoma to California.

J.D. Salinger

Reclusive author; careful and studious style; most famous work is The Catcher in the Rye(1951), a story about youth and disillusionment in postwar America.

Paul Revere

One of the Sons of Liberty(1765); published a rabble-rousing but historically dubious account of the Boston Massacre.

Thomas Nast

Artist of the Gilded Age; famous for his cartoons depicting corporate greed and excess; also created the enduring image of St. Nicholas.

Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)

The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.

Scott v. Sanford (1857, Taney)

Ruled that the slave Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state had not made him free; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory; effectively voided the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of “separate but equal.”

Korematsu v. U. S. (1941)

Upheld the constitutionality of detention camps for Japanese-Americans during WWII

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)

Unanimous decision declaring “separate but equal” unconstitutional (Plessy v. Ferguson); ended segregation

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict access to it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Louisiana Purchase

Purchased by the United States from France in 1803, it included present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, most of Kansas, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Rockies, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (but including New Orleans).

Florida

Ceded by Spain to the United States through the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819.

Texas

Became a separate Republic in 1836 after rebelling from Mexico and joined the Union on December 29, 1845.

Mexican War / Gadsden Purchase

The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican War and ceded California, New Mexico, and Utah Territories to the U.S. The Gadsden Purchase (1853) made to obtain Mexican land for a route for the transcontinental railroad.

Alaska

Russia sold its colony to U.S. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, on March 11, 1867. The agreed price was $7.2 million.

Puerto Rico

As a result of the Spanish-American War (1898), Puerto Rico was ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris.

Guam

In 1898, by the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the island was ceded by Spain to the United States.

Philippines

By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, Spain ceded the entire archipelago to the United States in return for $20 million.

Hawaii

President McKinley signed a resolution on July 7, 1898, and the formal transfer of Hawaiian sovereignty to the United States took place in Honolulu on August 12, 1898. In 1900, Hawaii became a U.S. territory, making its citizens U.S. citizens. Hawaii was proclaimed the 50th state on August 21, 1959.

Panama Canal Zone

1904-1979. Territory in Central Panama governed by the United States for the operation of the Panama Canal. The Canal Zone was created under the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. It was signed in 1903 by the newly independent nation of Panama and the United States. The treaty gave the United States the right to build and operate the Panama Canal, to control the Canal Zone as if it were U.S. Territory, and to annex more land if necessary for canal operations and defense.

Democratic-Republicans (First Two-Party System 1780s-1801)

• States' rights. • Strict interpretation of the Constitution. • Agriculture and rural life. • Strongest in South and West. • Sympathy with France. • Civil liberties and trust in the people.

Federalists (First Two-Party System 1780s-1801)

• Strong central government. • Loose interpretation of the Constitution. • Commerce and manufacturing. • Strongest in Northeast. • Close ties with Britain. • Order and stability.

Democrats (Second Two-Party System 1836-1850)

• Party of tradition. • Looked backward to the past. • Spoke to the fears of Americans. • Opposed banks and corporations. • Opposed state-legislated reforms. • Preferred individual freedom of choice

Whigs (Second Two-Party System 1836-1850)

Party of modernization. • Looked forward to the future. • Spoke to the hopes of Americans. • Promoted economic growth, especially transportation and banks. • Advocated state-legislated reforms such as temperance, public schools, and prison reform.

Free Soil Party (1848)

Not abolitionist, but opposed to the expansion of slavery in the territories. • Won 10% of the popular vote with Martin Van Buren as their candidate in 1848. •Lost 50% of their support in 1852, when they repudiated the Compromise of 1850.

American Party (1850s)

The "Know Nothing" Party. Nativist party based on opposition to immigration and a focus on temperance. •Republican Party absorbed them in 1856.

Republican Party

Mid-19th Century Parties Opposing the Democrats •Formed in 1854 by a coalition of Independent Democrats, Free Soilers, and Conscience Whigs united in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. • Stressed free labor and opposed the extension of slavery in the territories. • Moderates like Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery on "moral" grounds, while admitting that slavery had a "right" to exist where the Constitution originally allowed it to exist. • John C. Fremont was the first Republican candidate in the election of 1856.

Populist Party

Formed in 1891 by remnants of the Farmers' Alliances. • Sported a long list of demands that included the free coinage of silver, government ownership of the railroads, telegraphs, and telephone lines, a graduated income tax, the direct election of U.S. senators, and the use of initiative, referendum, and recall.

Progressive Era Politics

Believed that the laissez-faire system was obsolete, yet supported capitalism. Applied the principles of science and efficiency to economics, social institutions, and politics. Viewed government as a key player in creating an orderly, stable, and improved society. •Progressive Amendments to the U.S. Constitution = 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments.

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr both received 73 electoral votes. House of Representatives elected Jefferson in the “Revolution of 1800.” Democratic-Republicans – Thomas Jefferson (Elected) Federalists – John Adams

Election of 1824

Because no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, the election was sent to the House of Representatives. Adams won thanks to the “corrupt bargain.” Democratic-Republicans – John Q. Adams(Elected) and Andrew Jackson (popular)

Credit Mobilier

1872. A dummy construction company was created to skim money from the Union Pacific Railroad. Government officials were bribed.

Teapot Dome

1921. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall secured the transfer of several naval oil reserves to his jurisdiction.Leased naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome to Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny, who gave Fall illegal loans amounting to $405,000.

Watergate

1973. Nixon wanted information about the Democrats for the upcoming election. Nixon's advisors bugged the Democratic headquarters. As a result, McCord, the head of the operation, confessed and admitted the plot involved the President. This initiated a series of events that caused Nixon to resign from his post to avoid impeachment.

King Philip's War

11675-1676. An Indian chief, King Philip, led a war to exterminate the whites. Over 2,000 settlers died before the rebellion was subdued. This war led to a series of other conflicts.

French & Indian War (Seven Years’ War)

1754-1763. A war between the French and the British over control of North America. Started in 1756. The French lost all claims to land they occupied in North America to the British.

Revolutionary War

1776-1781. The American colonists fought for their freedom from the “tyrannical and treacherous” rule of the British. Animosity had developed over many years of taxing and arbitrary rule by the British. Eventually, with the help of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the Americans gained the confidence and the motivation to separate themselves from the British. The Revolution ended with the surrender of General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown on October 17, 1781.

War of 1812

1812-1815. The ultimate cause of the war was the issuing of the Non-Intercourse Act in 1809 (replaced by Macon's Bill in 1810) prohibiting trade with France and Great Britain. In response, the British issued "Orders in Council" and the French issues decrees, in which both claimed the right to impress foreign vessels entering their harbors. No change in power or land came from the war. It was not officially ended until 1824 with the Treaty of Ghent.

The Civil War

1861-1865. Fought over states’ rights, the treatment of slaves, and the “black question” in general. Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865. The war led to a period of extensive Reconstruction in which the government tried to rebuild the nation and create "liberty, fairness, and justice for all."

Spanish American War

1898. The inability of Spain and Cuba to resolve the revolution in Cuban, and the loss of American markets led to the declaration of war. Americans supported the Cubans in ousting the Spanish, and also seized the Philippines.

World War I

1914-1918. Known as the Great War. American was at first neutral, but by 1917 declared war. The Treaty of Versailles, which was rewritten several times before being passed by the Senate, ended the war and forced the Germans to pay reparations to all countries affected.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Set the rules for achieving territorial status and then statehood. Outlawed slavery in the Old Northwest.

Missouri Compromise

Compromise over admission of states from the Mexican Cession. California became a free state, the slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C., the Fugitive Slave Act was passed, and the territories of New Mexico and Utah were established on the basis of popular sovereignty, which would allow the people in the territory to decide if the territory should be slave or free.

Compromise of 1850

Compromise over admission of states from the Mexican Cession. California became a free state, the slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C., the Fugitive Slave Act was passed, and the territories of New Mexico and Utah were established on the basis of popular sovereignty, which would allow the people in the territory to decide if the territory should be slave or free.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Turned lands west of Missouri and Iowa into the Kansas and Nebraska territories. The slavery issue in the new territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty. This overturned the Missouri Compromise.

Homestead Act

Declared that any head of a family who was a U.S. citizen could acquire 160 acres of land in new territories by paying a small registration fee and living on the land for 5 years.

Pacific Railway Act

Authorized land subsidies and money subsidies for the construction of a transcontinental railroad.

Treaty of Paris

Ended French & Indian War. Ceded all French lands in North America to Britain. Britain was now in control of everything east of the Mississippi.

Monroe Doctrine

Proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize the Americas or interfere with the affairs of sovereign nations located in the Americas. In return, the United States planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Ended Mexican War. Mexican Cession included California, New Mexico, and Utah Territories. U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for the land and assumed Mexican debts owed to U.S. citizens to the tune of $3.25 million. The Rio Grande was recognized as southern border of Texas.

Open Door Policy

Guaranteed equal opportunity of trade and the sovereignty of the Chinese government.

Roosevelt Corollary

The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Latin America affairs, presumably to keep European powers from collecting debts by force.

Clark Memorandum

Stated that America would not intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. A repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary.

Tariff Chart

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Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Raised U.S. duties to an all-time high; foreign retaliation (Hoover).

NAFTA

U.S., Canada, and Mexico removed most trade barriers (Clinton).

Politics in the Gilded Age

Republicans and Democrats: • The main parties blur during this period, with loyalties determined primarily by regional, religious, and ethnic differences as opposed to political platforms. • Both parties were pro-business, opposed to any type of economic radicalism or reform, and supportive of "sound currency" and the economic status quo. • Federal government and, to some extent, state governments tended to do very little.

• Republicans dominated the Senate; Democrats dominated the House of Representatives. • Republican splinter groups include the Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps.

Progressive Era Politics (1900-1920)

• There were three "Progressive" Presidents – Theodore Roosevelt (Republican), William Howard Taft (Republican), and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat). • Believed that the laissez-faire system was obsolete, yet supported capitalism. • Applied the principles of science and efficiency to economics, social institutions, and politics. • Viewed government as a key player in creating an orderly, stable, and improved society • The political party system was singled out as corrupt, outmoded, inefficient, and undemocratic. • Believed corruption could be diminished by putting more power in the hands the people, as well as non-elected professional officials. • Progressive Amendments to the U.S. Constitution = 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments.

The Republican Era (1921-1933)

• Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. • Position of the government was decidedly pro-business. Though conservative, the government did experiment with new approaches to public policy. • Supported an American culture that was increasingly urban, industrial, and consumer-oriented. • Conflicts surfaced regarding immigration restriction, Prohibition, and race relations.

The Democratic Political Legacy of the New Deal (1933-1952)

• Democrats established a power base with the support of ethnic groups, city dwellers, organized labor, blacks, and a broad section of the middle class. • Regulated American business to protect it from the excesses and problems of the past. • Fair Deal of the post-war Truman administration continued the trend in governmental involvement with expanded Social Security benefits, an increase of the minimum wage, a full employment program, slum clearance, public housing, and government sponsorship of scientific research.

Post-World War II Politics

Democrats: • Maintained their power base of organized labor, urban voters, and immigrants.

• Became associated with the civil rights movement and championed the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.

Republicans: • The Republicans accused the Democrats of being "soft” on Communism

• Conservative Southern Democrats, the "Dixiecrats," increasingly associated themselves with Republican candidates opposing civil rights legislation.

Nixon's New Federalism

Democrats: • By the 1960s, was fragmented and seemingly incapable of dealing with the social and political turmoil caused by the Vietnam War. • In the post-Vietnam period, Democrats advocated the extension of civil rights, "reproductive rights" (birth control and abortion rights), fair housing legislation, etc.

Republicans: • Opposition to the Vietnam War and growing federal social programs "converted" Democrats in increasing numbers. • Defended the supposed "silent majority." • Advocated a policy of cutting back federal power and returning that power to the states. This was known as the "New Federalism."

Reagan and the New Right

Democrats: • Supported environmental legislation, limits on economic development, and an end to the production of nuclear weapons and power plants. • The pro-choice movement emerged during the 1980s to defend a woman's right to choose. • Affirmative action – the use of racial quotas to "balance" the workforce – was supported by the Democrats.

Republicans: • Spurred on by the rise of Evangelical Christianity, the South began voting Republican. • Ethnic suburbanites and young conservatives formed a "New Right" supporting Reagan on a "law and order" platform. • Advocated stricter crime, drugs, and porn laws, opposed abortion, supported an increase in defense spending, and supported tax cuts.

Election of 1789

Washington was elected unanimously by the 69 electors.

Election of 1828

In a campaign filled with mudslinging, Jackson’s win was declared a victory for the common man.

Election of 1860

Republicans opposed slavery in the territories, but upheld slavery in the southern states. Lincoln won when the other candidates split the vote on a regional basis.

Election of 1876

Most Republicans wanted to continue control of the South. The House gave the disputed election to Hayes after he promised to end Reconstruction.

Election of 1896

Democrats supported the coinage of silver. Bryan toured while McKinley stayed at home. Bryan was portrayed as a socialist and a radical.

Election of 1900

McKinley’s running mate was Theodore Roosevelt. The big issue was the independence of newly acquired territories.

Election of 1932

Roosevelt promised to work on ending the Great Depression. The people were tired of Hoover.

Election of 1960

Kennedy was the first Catholic to be elected President. Nixon ran on an anti-Communist platform and criticized Kennedy for being inexperienced. The election saw the first use of televised debates. Kennedy won a tight race.

Election of 1980

Carter was hurt by the Iranian hostage situation and high inflation. Reagan appealed to those who wanted less government.

Iran-Contra Affair

1985-86. The people involved were William Casey, head of CIA; Lieutenant of the National Security Council; National Security Advisor; former National Security Advisor. They sold arms to Iranians to encourage their aid in releasing American hostages in Lebanon. The profits from these deals were diverted to the Nicaraguan Contras to get around Congressional restrictions on funding the revolution there. Hearings held 1987, Reagan's presidency.

Barbary Pirates

1801-1805. The pirates attacked American ships in the Mediterranean and were met by the American naval fleet. The conflict ultimately ended in 1805.

Mexican-American War

1846-1848. Fought over the American annexation of Texas in 1845, claims against the Mexican government by Americans for property damage, and the American desire to acquire California. The U.S. destroyed the Mexicans. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established the boundary of Texas at the Rio Grande River and ended the war.

World War II

1939-1945. The Allied Powers (United States, Soviet Union, France, England) fought the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, Italy). Germany began conquering the world with its takeover of Poland. During this period Japan was invading several of its neighboring islands. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Americans took action and declared war on Japan. The Americans created the first atomic bomb and dropped it on Hiroshima and then again on Nagasaki.

Korean Conflict

1950-1953. North Korea vs. South Korea, with the United Nations intervening on behalf of South Korea. With the help of the American force that landed at Inchon, the North was pushed to the Yalu river in North Korea. Here they were met by Chinese soldiers and were driven back to just below the original dividing line. The war ended with no change in land or power.

Vietnam War

1968-1975. Communist North Vietnam wanted to take over South Vietnam. Thanks to an alliance with China and Russia, the North was able to get the resources to fight. The Americans sent several thousand advisors to aid the South. Later, America stepped in to fight directly. Nixon's policy of Vietnamization handed the chore of fighting back to South Vietnam, allowing the U.S. to withdraw entirely by 1973. North Vietnam took Saigon in 1975, thus ending the war and uniting the country under Communism.

Persian Gulf War

1990. Saddam Hussein of Iraq invaded Kuwait and threatened Saudi Arabia. By taking over these regions, Hussein would have been able to control much of the world's oil. He was stopped by the intervention of America in Operation Desert Storm. In 1991, Bush issued an ultimatum for Hussein to pull out of Kuwait or face invasion. Saddam failed to comply and the Americans declared war. Iraq was defeated within 100 hours.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676. Nathaniel Bacon and his men burned Jamestown, but Bacon died during the rebellion. Resulted in no significant change.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763. Led by Chief Pontiac, Indians attacked white settlements. This led to the creation of the Proclamation Line of 1763, which prohibited white settlements to the west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Paxton Boys (Rebellion)

1763. A group of men from Pennsylvania, upset that they weren't receiving any aid to stop Indian attacks, murdered a village of Conestoga Indians. They were talked out of continuing their rampage by Benjamin Franklin.

Shays’ Rebellion

1786. Caused by high taxes and economic hardships. Daniel Shays, an upset farmer, led a force to close courthouses so that no more proceedings could take place to condemn people to jail for not paying taxes. This rebellion led many to call for a stronger gov. to protect them.

XYZ Affair (Controversy)

1798. Three men from America were sent to persuade the French to stop harassing American ships. Each American was met by a French advisor (X, Y, Z) to solicit bribes. All three Americans refused. Public resentment of the French ran high when this incident became public knowledge.

Coxey's Army (Rebellion)

1894. Populist businessman Jacob Coxey led a march of millions of unemployed people into Washington, demanding a work relief program.

Watts Riot

1965. A race riot in Los Angeles. Several people were killed. A string of other race riots followed.

My Lai Massacre

1968. Reports that an American unit had massacred civilians, including dozens of women and children, in a Vietnamese hamlet called My Lai stirred controversy over the purpose of the war.

Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

Resulted from the passage of the "Tariff of Abominations" in 1828. Calhoun issued the Ordinance of Nullification, ordering customs officials to stop collection taxes at the Port of Charleston. Andrew Jackson, in turn, issued a Force Bill giving him the power to use federal troops to collect taxes.

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute (1893-1895)

Dispute over the boundary of British Guiana in South America. Britain agreed to respect the Monroe Doctrine and back down on its position in deference to the United States.

Little Rock Confrontation (1957)

1957. About 10,000 federal troops and 100 paratroopers were used to stop white attacks on blacks enrolling in Central High in September of 1957. A small number of federal troops remained at the school for the rest of the year.

Bay of Pigs

1961. The CIA trained men to invade Cuba and overthrow the Communist government of Fidel Castro. A force landed at the Bay of Pigs and was immediately subdued and forced to surrender.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962. An American U-2 spy plane revealed the Soviet construction of missile silos in Cuban territory in October of 1962. Kennedy called for Khrushchev to dismantle the sites and remove all weapons. Khrushchev complied on the condition that America remove its missile sites in Turkey.

Oil Crisis

1973. The Arabs cut oil supply to the United States, Japan, and most of Europe in an effort to compel Israel to withdraw from lands gained during the Six Day War of 1967. The Americans would have suffered due to their dependence on oil for petroleum. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger negotiated a deal to avoid the continuation of the oil crisis.