Bio 8.2 and 8.3

What is a cell?

smallest unit of all living things and makes up all organisms

Scientist Hook

first to view cells under the microscope and came up with the name cells

Scientist Schleiden

concluded plants were made up of cells

Scientist Schwann

concluded animals were made up of cells

Scientist Virchow

observed under the microscope that all cells come from other cells by cell division

Scientist Van Leeuwenhoek

first to view organisms under a microscope to view pond water and scrapings from his teeth

How are cells seen?

Using Light and Electron microscopes

Compound light microscope

can view living and nonliving specimens, is the least powerful, and light passes through 2 lens

Electron microscopes

used to observe very small objects by using beams of electrons, cant show living things, and much more powerful

Transmission electron Microscope

magnifies up to 250,000x and is used to see inside of a specimen

 Scanning electron Microscope

magnifies up to 100,000x and scans the surface of the specimen

Parts of the cell theory

-all living things are made up of cells

-Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism

-Cells come from the reproduction of the existing cells (cell division)

Living Levels of Organization

-Cell 

-Tissue

-Organ 

-Organ Systems

-Organism

Nonliving Levels of Organization:

-Atom

-Molecule

-Organelle

Prokaryotic cells

Are small and simple as they have no nucleus or organelles

Eukaryotic Cells

Are large and complex as they have a nucleus and organelles

Plasma/Cell Membrane

Regulates the transports in and out of the cell and maintains Homeostasis

Phospholipids

made up of one hydrophilic and two hydrophobic fatty acids and makes up the cell membrane

Fluid mosaic model

represents the cell membrane as an active structure where phospholipids and proteins move side to side

Cytoplasm

provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place as it contains all of the organelles

Nucleus

controls the cells activities and contains DNA/Chromosomes

Nuclear membrane(envelope)

contains pores for materials to enter and leave the nucleus

Nuclear pores

Holes that allow ribosomes to go through

Nucleolus

produces ribosomes

Cytoskeloton

Made of proteins- maintains cell shape and moves around the organelles

Microtubules

tube like made of protein

Microfilaments

thread like made of protein

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Rough ER

Synthesizes proteins to the Golgi

Smooth ER

Makes lipids and destroys toxic substances

Golgi Apparatus

-Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

-Receives proteins by the ER and Vesicles

Vesicle

its sacks transports protein from the Rough ER to the Golgi

-comes from the Rough ER and Golgi

Vacuole

Sacks for storage mostly on found in plant cells

Mitochondria

Generates ATP and is the cite of cellular respiration

Lysosome

releases its digestive enzymes to break things down

-will kill malfuncuating cells

Centrioles

two bundles of microtubules used for cell division

Cilia

Used for movement is shorter and more numerous

Flagella

used for movement is longer and only a few

Cell Wall

supports and protects the cell

Chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

Central Vacuole

breaks down products/cells and provides structural support