Industrial America Review

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Flashcards covering key concepts from the Industrial America lecture notes.

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42 Terms

1
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What type of organizations were formed by a group of investors sharing ownership based on investment amount?

Corporations

2
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What economic policy describes minimal government interference in business?

Laissez-faire

3
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In which sectors did new inventions take place during the rise of industry?

Transportation, industrialization, communication, and productivity.

4
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How did Americans generally feel about new corporations?

They had mixed feelings.

5
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Whose story exemplifies success through hard work and lucky breaks?

Horatio Alger.

6
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What landmark legislation declared private monopolies and trade restrictions were wrong?

The Sherman Antitrust Act.

7
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Who invented the electric light and the moving picture?

Thomas Edison.

8
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What is a trust in financial management?

An arrangement that gives an individual or corporation the authority to manage another person's money.

9
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What strategy contributed to Rockefeller's success?

Offering rebates and making secret agreements.

10
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What philosophy suggests competition exists in nature where the strongest will thrive?

Social Darwinism.

11
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Who developed a method to produce inexpensive steel?

Andrew Carnegie.

12
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What company gained a monopoly on U.S. oil refineries?

Standard Oil/ Rockefeller.

13
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What was the single biggest factor in American industrial expansion?

The Railroads.

14
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Why did Pullman workers strike?

They protested a reduction in their pay.

15
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What is an injunction in legal terms?

A court order.

16
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After 1815, which country saw an increasing number of immigrants entering the U.S.?

Ireland.

17
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Post-1885, which regions were most immigrants coming from?

Southern and Eastern Europe.

18
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What significant event occurred in 1877 involving railroads?

The major railroad strike.

19
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What prompted the railroad strike of 1877?

Four Eastern railroads cut workers' wages.

20
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What was the aim of the Noble Knights of Labor?

To unite all labor people into one union.

21
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What resulted from the depression of 1873?

Unemployment and homelessness.

22
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Who was Samuel Gompers?

President of the AFL who advocated for higher wages, shorter hours, and benefits for the disabled.

23
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Which popular ethnic neighborhood emerged due to increasing immigration in the late 1800s?

Little Italy and the Lower East Side.

24
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Why did some resist immigrants in the late 1800s?

Due to cultural differences and the belief that immigrants lowered wages.

25
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Who did the American Protective Association target?

Catholic immigrants.

26
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Which group faced significant discrimination in the West?

The Chinese.

27
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How did college curriculums evolve in the late 1800s?

Greater emphasis on social and natural sciences and individual courses of study.

28
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What themes were prevalent in Mark Twain's stories?

Travel experiences in the West.

29
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What was realism in literature attempting to achieve?

An accurate representation of life.

30
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What characterized the journalism style known as Yellow Journalism?

Sensational headlines and stories.

31
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What was a major theme in the election of 1884?

Honesty in politics.

32
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Who believed the protective tariff was unfair due to supply and demand laws?

Free Traders.

33
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What justification did Protectionists give for defending tariffs?

To help U.S. industry.

34
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What reforms occurred in the public education system during this period?

Grade schools became compulsory, the school year was lengthened, and more secondary schools were established.

35
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How can the Gilded Age be characterized?

By poor quality of government.

36
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What are political machines?

Organizations that maintain power by controlling votes, courts, and police.

37
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What role do state lobbyists play?

They are paid to represent a company or special interest group.

38
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What power was granted to the Civil Service Commission by the Pendleton Act?

To establish rules for federal job appointments by the president.

39
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What phenomenon describes a decline in the value of money?

Inflation.

40
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What are Granger laws?

Laws that set maximum freight and passenger rates, forbade discrimination, and attempted to regulate monopolies.

41
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What did the Interstate Commerce Act mandate regarding railroad rates?

Railroad rates must be reasonable.

42
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What was the core focus of the Populist Party?

Organizing around farmers and laborers.