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Flashcards covering key concepts from the Industrial America lecture notes.
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What type of organizations were formed by a group of investors sharing ownership based on investment amount?
Corporations
What economic policy describes minimal government interference in business?
Laissez-faire
In which sectors did new inventions take place during the rise of industry?
Transportation, industrialization, communication, and productivity.
How did Americans generally feel about new corporations?
They had mixed feelings.
Whose story exemplifies success through hard work and lucky breaks?
Horatio Alger.
What landmark legislation declared private monopolies and trade restrictions were wrong?
The Sherman Antitrust Act.
Who invented the electric light and the moving picture?
Thomas Edison.
What is a trust in financial management?
An arrangement that gives an individual or corporation the authority to manage another person's money.
What strategy contributed to Rockefeller's success?
Offering rebates and making secret agreements.
What philosophy suggests competition exists in nature where the strongest will thrive?
Social Darwinism.
Who developed a method to produce inexpensive steel?
Andrew Carnegie.
What company gained a monopoly on U.S. oil refineries?
Standard Oil/ Rockefeller.
What was the single biggest factor in American industrial expansion?
The Railroads.
Why did Pullman workers strike?
They protested a reduction in their pay.
What is an injunction in legal terms?
A court order.
After 1815, which country saw an increasing number of immigrants entering the U.S.?
Ireland.
Post-1885, which regions were most immigrants coming from?
Southern and Eastern Europe.
What significant event occurred in 1877 involving railroads?
The major railroad strike.
What prompted the railroad strike of 1877?
Four Eastern railroads cut workers' wages.
What was the aim of the Noble Knights of Labor?
To unite all labor people into one union.
What resulted from the depression of 1873?
Unemployment and homelessness.
Who was Samuel Gompers?
President of the AFL who advocated for higher wages, shorter hours, and benefits for the disabled.
Which popular ethnic neighborhood emerged due to increasing immigration in the late 1800s?
Little Italy and the Lower East Side.
Why did some resist immigrants in the late 1800s?
Due to cultural differences and the belief that immigrants lowered wages.
Who did the American Protective Association target?
Catholic immigrants.
Which group faced significant discrimination in the West?
The Chinese.
How did college curriculums evolve in the late 1800s?
Greater emphasis on social and natural sciences and individual courses of study.
What themes were prevalent in Mark Twain's stories?
Travel experiences in the West.
What was realism in literature attempting to achieve?
An accurate representation of life.
What characterized the journalism style known as Yellow Journalism?
Sensational headlines and stories.
What was a major theme in the election of 1884?
Honesty in politics.
Who believed the protective tariff was unfair due to supply and demand laws?
Free Traders.
What justification did Protectionists give for defending tariffs?
To help U.S. industry.
What reforms occurred in the public education system during this period?
Grade schools became compulsory, the school year was lengthened, and more secondary schools were established.
How can the Gilded Age be characterized?
By poor quality of government.
What are political machines?
Organizations that maintain power by controlling votes, courts, and police.
What role do state lobbyists play?
They are paid to represent a company or special interest group.
What power was granted to the Civil Service Commission by the Pendleton Act?
To establish rules for federal job appointments by the president.
What phenomenon describes a decline in the value of money?
Inflation.
What are Granger laws?
Laws that set maximum freight and passenger rates, forbade discrimination, and attempted to regulate monopolies.
What did the Interstate Commerce Act mandate regarding railroad rates?
Railroad rates must be reasonable.
What was the core focus of the Populist Party?
Organizing around farmers and laborers.