Anatomy and Physiology Test

Kingdom bacteria nutrition

Autotrophic: synthesize their own food

Phototrophic: contain chlorophyll to perform photosynthesis to make sugar for energy

Kingdom bacteria reproduction

Binary fission: a form of sexual reproduction

Kingdom bacteria motility (movement)

Some don’t move

Others that do move use their flagella to tumble

What is chemosynthesis?

When bacteria use H2S to make food in the absence of light ex. The deep ocean

Where do you find a halophile?

Hypersaline conditions (salty)

Where do you find a methanogen?

Anywhere with diverse environments where they can break down organic material

Euglena diagram and its movement

They move using their flagella

Amoeba diagram and its movement

Use pseudopodia (fake feet)

Paramecium diagram and its movement

Uses cilia

Is kingdom fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

What is kingdom fungis cell wall composition?

Made of chitin

How do fungi obtain nutrients?(Saprophytic, parasitic, mutualistic, lichen)

Saprophytic: live on dead material (decompose)

Parasitic: live on or in a living thing

Mutualistic/ lichen): relationship between two organisms where both benefit

Lichen consist of fungus, algae, and sometimes Cyanobacterium

How do fungi reproduce?

Many reproduce using spores

How do fungi protect themselves?

They produce toxins to deter fungivores from eating them

Mushroom mould diagram

Bread mould diagram

Are kingdom plantae prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Kingdom plants characteristics

Makes own carbs (photosynthesis)

Cellulose in cell walls

Lack of mobility

Plantae cell wall composition

Made of cellulose which provides mechanical support

How do plantae reproduce?

Produce seeds either by themselves or in fruits

How do plantae transport water and nutrients?

Have tube like structures to move water from roots to leaves. And sugars in leaves to the rest of the plant

Leaf structure and functions

Cuticle: waxy coating that prevents drying out

Upper epidermis: skin cells, skin, protection

Lower epidermis: protection

Palisade mesophyll: where most photosynthesis occurs

Spongy mesophyll: gasses can move: little photosynthesis occurs

Vascular bundle: vein

Xylem: water, support

Phloem: food, sugars

Guar cells: open and close stomata; regulate water and gas exchange

Stomata: the opening in the epidermis

Plantae movement/ response to stimuli (tropism)

Photoropism: when a plant grows/ bends towards light (auxins are produced on the side away from light)

Gravitropism: stems and flower stalks grow negatively/ away from gravity; roots grow positively/ towards centre of earth

Thigmotropism: directional growth in response to touch ex. vines

How do plantae protect themselves?

1: release molecules that tell other cells to amp up their guard

2: cells around an infection site will kill themselves to stop the pathogen from spreading

Idioblasts: toxic chemicals or sharp crystals tear the mouthparts of insects and mammals as they feed

Pigmented cells: contain bitter tasting tannins that make plants undesirable

Sclereids: contain a thick secondary wall that makes them difficult to chew

Are kingdom animalia prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Animalia reproduction (sexual and asexual evolutionary costs and benefits)

Sexual:

-pro: each is a new combination of the parents genes

-cons: uses lots of energy and takes a lot of time

Asexual:

-pro: quick, uses less energy and good genes can be passed on

-cons: no chance to evolve and one predator can wipe them out

Why do we use model organisms?

The use of non human models has allowed the fast progression of scientific discovery

Helped us understand anatomy

Helps aid in discoveries for alleviation of suffering, sickness, and disease in both humans and animals

Starfish anatomy diagram

Animal internal and external stimuli

Internal: stimulus which tells and animal what is occurring in its own body

External: stimuli giving an animal information about its surroundings

What are pheromones?

Chemicals released by an animal that affects the behaviour of other individuals of the same species for reproduction

Homeostasis and the function of behaviour

Homeostasis: the maintenance of constant internal conditions

Behaviours are the response to stimuli that affect an individuals well being

Kinesis and taxis

both cause an animal to go from a less desirable to a more desirable location

Kinesis: increase in RANDOM movement until a favourable environment is reached

Taxis: a movement in a SPECIFIC direction either toward or away from a stimulus

What is thermoregulation?

Mechanisms designed to return your body to homeostasis (maintain its core internal temperature)

Animal fluid regulation

Kidneys make sure that the amount of fluid lost is equal to the amount taken in

Blood sugar levels

Insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar

Insulin: secreted immediately after a meal (lowers sugar levels)

Glucagon: secreted between meals (raises sugar levels)

Symbiotic relationships

Symbiotic relationships are where at least ONE organism benefits from the relationship

Parasitism: the parasite benefits and the host is harmed (fleas)

Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other remains unaffected (shark and remora)

Mutualism: both organisms benefit (flowers and bees)