BIO 171T Exam 2 material (heart, vessels, lymphatic tissues)

The heart beats approximately ________ times each day

100,000

The heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day

8,000

The adult heart is roughly the size of

a man’s clenched fist

The structure that permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal

circulation is the

foramen ovale

Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the

pulmonary valve

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow

in one direction only

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the

right atrium

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the

left atrium

The earlike extension of the atrium is the

auricle

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

marks the border between the atria and ventricles

In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occupied by the heart, great vessels, thymus,

esophagus, and trachea called the

mediastinum

The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to

chordae tendineae

Contractions of the papillary muscles

prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria

The visceral pericardium is the same as the

epicardium

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

cardiac muscle cells

The right ventricle pumps blood to the

right and left lungs

The left ventricle pumps blood to the

aorta

The right atrium receives blood from all of the following structures except the

pulmonary veins

Cardiac cells damaged by infarction will show all of the following except

an increase in metabolic activity

Coronary veins empty into the

right atrium

There are ________ pulmonary veins

4

Blood is supplied to the muscular wall of the left atrium by the

left coronary artery

The pulmonary valve prevents backward flow into the

right ventricle

The bicuspid or mitral valve is located

between the left atrium and left ventricle

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium

bicuspid

The function of an atrium is to

collect blood then pump it into the ventricle

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except

pumps a greater volume

Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit

right ventricle, pulmonary veins, aorta

The right pulmonary veins carry ________ blood to the ________.

oxygenated; left atrium

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation

1. right atrium

2. left atrium

3. right ventricle

4. left ventricle

5. venae cavae

6. aorta

7. pulmonary trunk

8. pulmonary veins

5,1,3,7,8,2,4,6

(venae cavae → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta)

The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the

lungs

The pulmonary veins carry blood to the

heart

The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the

interartrial septum

Blood is supplied to the myocardium by

the coronary arteries

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries

coronary

The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the

right coronary artery

The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the

left coronary artery

The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the

coronary sinus

The heart lies within the ________ cavity

pericardial

The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the

base

The inferior point of the heart is called the

apex

Pericardial fluid

is a lubricant between the heart and the pericardial sac

The ________ is shared by the two ventricles

interventricular septum

Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called

trabeculae carneae

Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow

increased velocity

Which vessels have the thickest tunica media?

large arteries

Lymphatic vessels recover about ________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries

15%

Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body

veins

In a normal ECG, the deflection that is generated by ventricular repolarization is called the________

T wave

Which of the following carry oxygen-poor blood

Venae cavae and pulmonary arteries

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in

proteins

Special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary ________ that are not absorbed by theblood capillaries

lipids

What are the afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart

veins

The chordae tendinae of the AV valves are anchored to the ________ of the ventricles

papillary muscles

How is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog

It is increased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity

Removal of the ________ would be more harmful to a one-year-old child than an adult

thymus

Which of the following is the most superficial layer enclosing the heart

epicardium

If the sinoatrial (SA) node is damaged, the heart will likely beat at ________ bpm

Which of the following forces does not help lymph to flow

The lymphatic node pump

Which of the following would decrease capillary filtration

dehydration

In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result invaricose veins. What causes the varicose veins

Failure of the venous valves

The ________ valve regulates the flow of blood between the right ventricle and the vessels leading to the lungs

pulmonary

During exercise, arterioles to the skeletal muscles ________

dilate in response to increased muscle metabolites

The ________ are the superior chambers of the heart and the ________ are the inferior chambers of the heart

atria; ventricles

What is the most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is a portal system

Heart → artery → arteriole → capillary bed → arteriole → capillary bed → venule → vein → heart

What is the path of blood flow from the heart to the lung tissues and back to the heart?

Right ventricle → brachiocephalic arteries → lung tissues → brachiocephalic veins → inferior vena cava → left atrium

Which of the following is associated with vasomotion?

Elastic tissue in the tunica externa

The long plateau in the action potential observed in cardiomyocytes is probably related with________ staying longer in the cytosol

Ca2+

What is the most important force in venous flow

The pressure generated by the heart

Any abnormal cardiac rhythm is called a(n) ________

arrhythmia

A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ________ and a(n) ________in arterial blood pressure

vasodilation; decrease

Pulmonary arteries have ________ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries

considerably lower

Which is the correct path of an electrical excitation from the pacemaker to a cardiomyocyte in the left ventricle (LV)?

Sinoatrial (SA) node → atrioventricular (AV) node → atrioventricular (AV) bundle → subendocardial branches → cardiomyocyte in LV

Pericardial fluid is found between the ________ and the ________.

parietal; visceral membranes

Which of the following routes of blood flow is correct?

Heart → conducting artery → distributing artery → arteriole → capillary → venule → medium vein → large vein → heart

Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than

140/90

The ________ performs the work of the heart

myocardium

________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the ________

Collecting ducts; subclavian arteries

The area where the major vessels lead to and from the heart's chambers is called the ________ ofthe heart. The pointy, inferior portion is called the ________

base; apex

Alternative routes of blood supply are called ________

anasatomoses

Why does our blood pressure generally go up as we age

Our veins get 'hard' and absorb less systolic force

Opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by ________

pressure gradients

________ is the pacemaker that initiates each heart beat

sinoatrial (SA) node

When sodium channels are fully open, the membrane of the ventricular cardiomyocyte ________.

sharply depolarizes

The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) regulates the opening between the ________ and the________

right atrium; right ventricle

The ________ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle.

systemic

The ________ carry blood away from the heart

arteries

The ________ carry blood toward the heart

veins

The ________ covers the outer surface of the heart

epicardium

The muscle layer of the heart is the

myocardium

The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous

with the endothelium

endocardium

Oxygen is added to blood as it flows through the ________ circuit

pulmonary

The term ________ refers to blockage in the coronary circulation

coronary artery disease

In a procedure known as ________, an inflatable balloon at the end of a catheter is used to

press plaque back against the vessel wall

balloon angioplasty

The coronary sinus drains the ________ into the ________

cardiac veins; right atrium

The ________ is a remnant of an important fetal blood vessel that once linked the pulmonary

and systemic circuits

ligamentum arteriosum

Which of the following statements is true concerning differences between the right and left

ventricles

The efficiency of the right ventricle is increased by the left ventricle because the wall of the

left ventricle pushes into the right ventricle

The endocardium consists of this type of tissue

simple squamous epithelium

Thick projections of muscle in the ventricles that anchor chordae tendineae are called

papillary muscle