APUSH Period 2

What were the New England colonies?

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

What was the economy like in the New England colonies?

Small farms, lumber, fishing, shipbuilding, trade; diversified; not cash crop–dependent.

What was the society like in the New England colonies?

Puritan influence, tight-knit towns, emphasis on education, long life expectancy, family-centered.

What was the government like in the New England colonies?

Town meetings, local self-governance, community input valued.

What were the Middle Colonies?

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

What was the economy like in the Middle Colonies?

Fertile soil, small to medium farms, trade, grains exported (“breadbasket”); some industry.

What was the society like in the Middle Colonies?

Ethnically and religiously diverse (Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Quakers, Lutherans); moderate life expectancy; more tolerant socially.

What was the government like in the Middle Colonies?

Proprietary/royal assemblies; some local self-government; more religious tolerance.

What were the Chesapeake Colonies?

Virginia, Maryland

What was the economy like in the Chesapeake Colonies?

Tobacco plantations; labor-intensive; reliance on indentured servants, then African slaves.

What was the society like in the Chesapeake Colonies?

Rural and dispersed; high mortality; hierarchical society dominated by planters; Anglican influence.

What was the government like in the Chesapeake Colonies?

House of Burgesses; elite planters dominated politics.

What were the Southern Colonies?

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

What was the economy like in the Southern Colonies?

Large plantations; cash crops (rice, indigo); enslaved labor; trade of timber, naval stores.

What was the society like in the Southern Colonies?

Hierarchical; wealthy planters control social structure; few towns; less emphasis on schools.

What was the government like in the Southern Colonies?

County-based systems; planter elite dominate; limited self-governance; royal/proprietary colonies.

What were the problems with the settlement in Jamestown?

Disease, starvation, conflict with Powhatan, poor leadership, focus on gold rather than farming.

What were the success factors of the settlement in Jamestown?

John Smith’s leadership (“He who does not work, shall not eat”), tobacco cultivation by John Rolfe, support from Virginia Company, establishment of House of Burgesses for self-government.

What is a joint-stock company, and what is an example of one?

Investors pool money to fund colonies; share profits; reduce individual financial risk. (Example: Virginia Company funding Jamestown.)

What is the Plymouth Colony?

Founded by Pilgrims (Separatists); small colony; religious freedom focus. (Key people: William Bradford)

What is the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Founded by Puritans (non-separatists); larger colony; goal to build “holy society.” (Key people: John Winthrop)

What are the similarities between the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Both English Protestants; self-governance; religion central to society.

What is the Mayflower Compact?

Early self-government agreement; pledged loyalty to the king; majority-rule principle; signed by Pilgrim men in 1620.

Who delivered the “City Upon a Hill” speech?

John Winthrop (Massachusetts Bay, 1630)

What is the message behind the “City Upon a Hill” speech?

Colony should be a moral example for the world; emphasized unity, righteousness, communal responsibility.

What is the House of Burgesses?

First representative assembly in North America (Virginia, 1619).

What is the purpose of the House of Burgesses?

Colonists could make laws and taxes locally; precedent for self-government.

What were the conditions in the Chesapeake Colonies?

Warm, humid; disease (malaria, dysentery); short life expectancy; tobacco-based economy; dispersed plantations; labor from indentured servants and African slaves.

What were the conditions in the New England Colonies?

Cold climate; healthier; long life expectancy; small family farms; town-centered; education and churches emphasized; diversified economy.

Who preached the idea of predestination?

John Calvin (Puritan influence)

What was predestination?

God predetermined who would be saved (“the elect”); encouraged strict morality and discipline.

Who wrote the Act of Toleration?

Lord Baltimore (Maryland)

What is the Act of Toleration?

Freedom of worship to all Christians; protected Catholic minority; early step toward religious tolerance.

What was the purpose of the New England Confederation?

Defense against Native Americans, Dutch, and French.

What were the goals of the New England Confederation?

Resolve intercolonial disputes; maintain Puritan unity.

What are indentured servants?

Temporary (4–7 years); worked for passage; high mortality; could receive land after service.

What is the Headright System?

Land grant (50 acres) for paying passage of laborers; encouraged settlement.

What were the main qualities of slavery?

It was lifetime, hereditary; cheaper long-term labor; entrenched racial hierarchy; crucial for Southern plantation economy.

What were the causes of Bacon’s Rebellion?

Frontier settlers were angry at the government for lack of protection; economic inequality; resentment toward elite planters.

What were the effects of Bacon's Rebellion?

Led to a shift from indentured servants to African slavery.

What was the significance of Bacon's Rebellion?

Burned Jamestown; exposed tensions between poor settlers and elites.

Who founded Rhode Island?

Roger Williams

What were Rhode Island's main qualities?

Religious tolerance; separation of church and state; fair treatment of Native Americans.

Who founded Pennsylvania?

William Penn

What were Pennsylvania's main qualities?

Quaker colony; religious freedom; good relations with Native Americans; liberal governance.

Who were the key figures in Virginia?

John Smith & John Rolfe

What were Virginia’s main qualities?

Tobacco economy; House of Burgesses; Anglican.

Who founded Georgia?

James Oglethorpe

What were Georgia's main qualities?

Buffer colony; initially banned slavery; haven for debtors.

Who participated in King Philip’s War?

Wampanoag (Metacom/King Philip) vs. New England colonists

What were the results of King Philip's War?

Heavy casualties; Native Americans lost power and land in southern New England; colonists expanded.

Why was Anne Hutchinson banished?

Challenged Puritan clergy; promoted “inner light” and personal revelation; threatened male and clerical authority.

What is mercantilism?

Economic theory; colonies exist to enrich mother country; export raw materials to England; import finished goods; maintain favorable trade balance.

What were the Acts of Trade & Navigation?

Laws regulating colonial trade (1650s–1660s); required goods on English ships; restricted trade with non-English nations; kept colonies dependent on England.

Who immigrated to the colonies?

England (majority), Germany, Scotland, Ireland, Holland, Sweden; African slaves forcibly brought; diversity influenced colonial society and religion.

Who were the key people a part of the Great Awakening?

Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield

What were the causes of the Great Awakening?

Decline in religious fervor; Enlightenment rationalism; questioned authority of established churches.

What were the effects of the Great Awakening?

Emotional revivalism; new Protestant denominations; challenged traditional authority.

What was the significance of the Great Awakening?

Increased religious diversity; promoted individualism and questioning hierarchy.

What was the Zenger Case?

John Peter Zenger printed criticisms of New York governor.

What was the effect of the Zenger Case?

Jury acquitted him.

What was the significance of the Zenger Case?

Set precedent for freedom of the press; encouraged open criticism of government.

What was the Enlightenment?

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, natural rights; impacted colonies by influencing leaders like Franklin and Jefferson; encouraged questioning authority and revolutionary ideas.