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Manifest Destiny
1800s belief that Americans had the God-given right to spread across the continent.
-also motivated by minerals/natural resources, new economic opportunities, and religious refuge
CA Gold Rush
migration of thousands of Americans, Mexicans, and Asians to CA in 1849 after gold was discovered there
Homestead Act of 1862
this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30
1844 Election
elected pro-expansion James K. Polk
Causes/course of the TX Revolution
Protestant, slave-owning Americans had been settling in TX since 1820's
-1829: Mexican decree calling for conversion to Catholicism, outlaw of slavery (Americans not listen)
-1834: revolt led by Sam Houston
-1836: Battle of San Jacinto--Texans get Mexican general to sign independence (not recognized by Mexican gov.)
Texas Annexation
1845 by John Tyler before leaving office. Originally refused in 1837
Oregon Treaty of 1846
James K. Polk. established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along the 49th parallel.
Causes/course of Mexican-American War
1846-1848. Texas annexed in 1845, but later border dispute (Rio Grande or Nueces River) lead to conflict
-Polk sends troops to Rio Grande, prompting conflict and the death of 11 Americans
-Course: small American force claim CA and NM territory; Gen. Winfield Scott occupies Mexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
Treaty that ended the Mexican War,
-set TX border at Rio Grande
-Mexico Cession: CA and NM terr. for $15 million
Wilmot Proviso
1846. Rejected proposal that would have outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico
-shows growing tension over slavery issue
Compromise of 1850
Compromise introduced by Henry Clay that calmed tensions over slavery temporarily.
1. CA admitted as free state
2. Popular sovereignty decide whether slavery would exist in NM and Utah terr.
3. Slave trade (but not slavery) banned in WA, D.C.
4. stricter fugitive slave laws in which the Northern states would have to arrest/return runaway slaves (conflict of interests)
Southern position on slavery
-believed slavery to be a consti. right
-believed slave/free regions to have been est. in Comp. of 1820 (extend MO compromise line to the Pacific when gaining new territories, guaranteeing that slavery would continue to exist under that line)
Very unwilling to compromise
Free Soilers
Northern antislavery politicians, like Abraham Lincoln, who rejected radical abolitionism but sought to prohibit the expansion of slavery in the western territories
-saw Western land as area of white opportunity
Popular Sovereignty
Belief that the people in a territory/state should decide the slavery question through voting.
Immigration in the early 1800s
Came mostly from Germany and Ireland
-disliked for being Catholic
-settle in Northern cities, although some Germans move west to farm
Know-Nothing Party
Nativist political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant
Abolitionists movement: words
-William Lloyd Garrison's "The Liberator" newspaper
-Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which was extremely popular
-Frederick Douglass' speeches
In the North, Abolitionists were a...
minority
Underground Railroad
a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada
John Brown
Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
-his goal was to arm slaves and begin a revolt, cementing anti-Northern feelings in the South
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Proposed by Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas
-Nebraska terr. split into two parts, each of which would decide slavery question based on popular sovereignty
-violence occurs in Kansas over vote
-1885: Kansas vote occur but pro-slavery Missourians vote illegally; two state legislatures are created, with President Pierce supporting the pro-slavery one
Angered North because it essentially overturned 1820 Compromise. Marks the start of the 3rd party system
Bleeding Kansas (1856)
Disagreements over whether slavery should be allowed in Kansas led to violence among settlers.
-John Brown among pro-abolition dissenters
Personal Liberty Laws
Forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed that they would have jury trials
Formation of the Republican Party 1854
After K-N Act. Coalition of:
-Know-nothings
-Free soilers
-Conscience whigs
-Abolitionists
Take a free-soil approach to slavery: don't abolish, but prevent its expansion
Conscience and Cotton Whigs
Cotton: pro-slavery
Conscience: anti-slavery
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Dred Scott was a slave who was taken with his master to Wisconsin, a free state. Scott sued his master for his freedom.
-Chief Justice Taney hand down pro-slavery ruling: Scott was not a citizen and thus could not sue in federal court, and since Scott was property (and the consti. states that cong. cannot deprive a citizen of their property) he would not be taken away
Ruling implies that slavery could exist ANYWHERE, leading to outrage among Northerners
1860 Election
election where slavery was the central issue, Abraham Lincoln (Republican) won over John Breckinridge (Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party).
-Lincoln won despite not winning the majority of the popular vote and not a single Southern state
Secession Crisis
South Carolina secedes first in 1860, then followed by others to form the Confederate States of America
Constitution of Confederacy
Resembled the Constitution of the United States, but was more comparable to the Articles of Confederation in the fact that states rights were very prioritized
-explicitly allows slavery
Southern Advantages in the Civil War
-fought a defensive war
-greater # of and more experienced generals
Northern Advantages in the Civil War
-4x population of the S.
-large navy
-controlled most banks, RR, and manufacturing
-well-est. central government
Manufacturing modernizes for war effort
NYC Draft Riots of 1863
"Rich mans war, poor mans fight" against the drafts that were instilled during the Civil War
-outrage that wealthier men could pay a fee and send somebody else to fight in their place
Southern Civil War tax failed because...
with so much emphasis on states rights, most people refused to pay (since it was enacted by the federal government)
Fort Sumter, 1861
Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina that Confederates were keeping supplies from getting to. Lincoln sent supplies, and the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
First Battle of Bull Run (1861)
First major battle of the American Civil War; Confederate victory.
Historical Significance:
Proved that the war would be longer and more brutal than either side had imagined.
Anaconda Plan
Northern Civil War strategy to starve the South by using the North's superior navy to blockade seaports and control the Mississippi River
Battle of Vicksburg
1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two
Sherman's March to the Sea
Union general Sherman's destructive march across Georgia in which troops burned most infrastructure they came across
Southern Strategy in Civil War
-gain foreign help from Br. and Fr., who relied on cotton imports from the South
-fails after Br. and Fr. find cotton elsewhere, Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.
-allows Blacks to fight in Union army (54th Massachusetts)
-enslaved workers escape confederacy
-closes door on Br. support to the S. (Br. had recently outlawed slavery)
Appomattox Court House, 1865
General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War.
Gettysburg Address
Short speech by Lincoln in which he emphasizes unity, portrays war as fight against slavery in the fulfillment of American ideals
Copperheads
Northern Democrats who favored peace/sympathized with the South
Northern suppression of criticism during Civil War
-Lincoln establishes military rule in border states, suspends habeas corpus
-arrests of civilian dissenters
Border States
States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.
13th Amendment (1865)
abolished slavery
14th Amendment (1868)
Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws."
15th Amendment (1870)
U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed
(universal male suffrage)
Lincoln's 10% Plan
re-est. state gov. when 10% electorate pledge loyalty to US
-then those who pledge could elect delegates to a consti. convention
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
-50% must pledge loyalty
-only non-confederates could vote on state consti.
Freedmen's Bureau
early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war - both blacks (chiefly freed slaves) and homeless whites.
-est. over 3,000 schools for freedmen
Black Codes
Laws passed after Civil War, primarily under Johnson
-restricted freedoms of freedmen by not allowing them to borrow money to purchase land, forced them to sign work contracts, limited job opportunities, couldn't testify again whites in court
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
-passed over Johnson's veto
-divide South into 5 military districts w/ federal troops
-states must ratify 14th, have universal male voting rights
Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
-50% swore to loyalty oath, adopted the 13th amendment
-wealthy southerners had to apply for a presidential pardon
Tenure of Office Act and Impeachment
President needed senate approval to remove cabinet officials from office.
-Johnson does this, impeached but acquitted
Women's Rights during the Civil War
-15th amendment extend voting rights, but not to women
-National Women Suffrage Association: ECS and SBA angry that 15th amendment not give them voting rights
-American Women Suffrage Association: Lucy Stone, others support recon. efforts federally, supp. women's rights at state level
Sharecropping/Tenant Farming
agricultural system where black/poor white farmers rented land in exchange for a certain "share" of the year's crop
-landowners manipulated the system to keep tenants in permanent debt and unable to leave
Convict Lease
Clause in 13th amendment that allows for forced labor of prisoners
-used as loophole in S.
KKK
est. 1867
-burnt buildings, intimidated black, Republican voters, lynched
Compromise of 1877
Ended Reconstruction.
Republicans promise:
-Remove military from South
-Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general
-federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
In return for Rutherford B. Hayes given electoral votes of contested states
Grant Scandals
-Credit Mobilier: scandal involved key members of Congress and Grant's allies accepted stock from Credit Mobilier as a bribed.
-Whiskey ring scandal was a group of Grant's officials that were cheated government out of taxes
-Indian Ring
Carpetbaggers
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states
Scalawags
Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal." -used as basis of later Jim Crow Laws
literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses
After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting.
KKK Acts
Allows military to go after KKK. Causes dip in activity in early 1870