Bone Tissue

These flashcards cover key concepts, terms, and definitions related to bone tissue and its physiology, development, and functions.

Bone Tissue

The living skeleton composed of dynamic tissues that include cells, nerves, and blood vessels.

Osteology

The study of bone.

Support

The function of bones providing structural support for the body and soft organs.

Protection

The function of bones in safeguarding vital organs such as the brain and spinal cord.

Movement

Bones act as levers for muscle action, facilitating body movement.

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation that occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones.

Osteocalcin

A hormone secreted by bones that helps regulate insulin secretion and glucose levels.

Axial Skeleton

The division of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The division of the skeleton that includes bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles.

Long Bone

A bone that is longer than it is wide.

Short Bone

A bone that is as long as it is wide.

Flat Bone

A wide, flat bone that serves protective functions.

Irregular Bone

A bone that does not fit into established classifications.

Sesamoid Bone

A type of irregular bone entirely encased in tendon or ligamentous tissue.

Bone Matrix

The composition of bone made up of organic and inorganic materials.

Hydroxyapatite

A crystallized calcium phosphate salt that constitutes 85% of bone minerals.

Mineral Composition of Bone

Bones contain minerals like calcium carbonate, fluoride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.

Composite Material

A combination of a ceramic (hydroxyapatite) and a polymer (collagen) in bone.

Compact Bone

The dense outer layer of bone that appears smooth and solid.

Spongy Bone

Bone made of trabeculae, featuring small, needle-like or flat pieces.

Trabeculae

The small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone in spongy bone.

Periosteum

The connective tissue membrane covering the exterior of bones.

Endosteum

The membrane covering the interior surface of bones.

Red Marrow

Myeloid tissue that produces blood cells found in specific bones.

Yellow Marrow

Fatty marrow that does not produce blood and is found in long bones.

Osteons

The functional unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae.

Lamellae

Layers of bone tissue that form the structure of osteons.

Canaliculi

Hair-like canals that connect lacunae and central canals, allowing communication between osteocytes.

Lacunae

Small cavities in bone tissue that contain osteocytes.

Osteoclasts

Bone-dissolving cells responsible for the resorption of bone.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing the bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Former osteoblasts trapped in the matrix that maintain bone tissue.

Intramembranous Ossification

The process of bone formation within a fibrous membrane, forming flat bones.

Endochondral Ossification

The process of replacing hyaline cartilage with bone, forming most of the skeleton.

Calcification

The hardening process of bone, where osteoid becomes mineralized.

Ossification Center

A cluster of osteoblasts where bone formation begins.

Epiphyseal Plate

A zone of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis, where bone lengthening occurs.

Growth Plates

Regions in long bones where cartilage growth and bone elongation take place.

Hypocalcemia

A condition of low calcium levels in the blood, leading to excitability of the nervous system.

Hypercalcemia

Excessive calcium levels in the blood, resulting in muscle weakness and emotional disturbances.

Calcitonin

A hormone released by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone that raises blood calcium levels by increasing osteoclast activity.

Mineralization

The process where ions from blood are deposited into bone tissue.

Mineral Resorption

The process by which osteoclasts dissolve bone and release minerals back into the blood.

Bone Remodeling

The continuous process of renewing bone tissue throughout life.

Calcium Homeostasis

The balance maintained between calcium intake, losses, and exchange with bone.

Phosphate Homeostasis

Regulation of phosphate levels in the body influenced by hormones.

Fracture Types

Categorization of fractures including closed, open, transverse, spiral, and comminuted.

Stress Fracture

A break in a bone caused by abnormal stress.

Pathological Fracture

A fracture occurring in a bone weakened by disease.

Fracture Healing

The physiological process of repairing broken bones.

Closed Reduction

The manipulation of bone fragments to normal positions without surgery.

Open Reduction

Surgical procedure for aligning broken bones with plates or screws.

Cast

A device used to immobilize and stabilize healing bones.

Hematoma Formation

The initial stage of fracture healing characterized by blood clot formation.

Soft Callus Formation

The stage where collagen and fibrocartilage convert granulation tissue to a soft callus.

Hard Callus Formation

The deposition of a temporary bony collar around fracture sites.

Bone Physiology

The metabolic activity associated with mature bone, including maintenance and remodeling.

Osteogenic Cells

Stem cells that can differentiate into various bone cell types.

Osteoblast

Cells that form new bone matrix.

Osteoclast

Cells that break down bone tissue.

Ectopic Ossification

The abnormal formation of bone in soft tissue.

Spongy Bone

Bone that has a porous structure providing strength with minimal weight.

Calcification Zones

Zones in the epiphyseal plate where cartilage matrix becomes calcified.

Appositional Growth

The process of bone growth in width, occurring at the bone surface.

Regeneration

The process leading to the repair and restoration of bone structure after injury.

Bone Density

A measurement of the amount of mineral content in bone, often linked to strength.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by reduced bone density and increased fracture risk.

Exercise and Bone Health

The stimulation of bone growth and remodeling through mechanical stress from physical activity.

Translation of Forces

The mechanism by which mechanical forces are applied to bones, influencing their shape and strength.