Plant Propagation Final Exam

One of the following is not classified as clonal propagation

a. leaf

b.root

c.seed

d. stem

c.seed

The hormone that promotes root formation is

a. ABA

b. auxin

c. cytokinins

d. gibberellins

b. auxin

Generally, the better medium temperature (F) for rooting of stem cuttings is around

a. 55

b. 65

c. 75

d. 85

c. 75

Which of the following taxa has similar genetics in terms of rooting ability?

a. cultivar

b. family

c. genus

d. species

a. cultivar

Blueberry (vaccinium sp.) could be better propagated by

a. leaf

b. root

c. seed

d. stem

d. stem

Graft a tall apple tree to a dwarf rootstock will produce

a. same size

b. shorter

c. taller

d. none of the above

b. shorter

The world-wide organization for plant propagators is

a. ASHS

b. GGIA

c. IPPS

d. SNA

c. IPPS

A way of rooting cuttings in which adventitious roots are initiated on a stem while still attached to the plant is called

a. cutting

b. grafting

c. layering

d. pseudobulb

c. layering

If I take stem cuttings of Magnolia grandiflora in December at UGA, the cutting type is

a. hardwood

b. herbaceous

c. semi-hard wood

d. softwood

a. hardwood

Do not collect cuttings in the

a. cloudy am

b. early am

c. raining day

d. sunny pm

d. sunny pm

Heel, mallet, and straight stem cuttings are called

Hardwood stem cuttings

The process to move liners from indoor conditions to outdoor conditions for a week or longer is defined as

Hardening- off

An intact shoot is bent to the ground, and a single portion of the stem between the base and shoot tip is covered with soil for adventitious root formation.

Simple Layering

Adventitious shoots that develop from underground roots

Sucker

The practice of holding the stem horizontally in place with any type of wire, metal, or wooden fastener.

Pegged down

Procedures in making the graft with a slice cut that slants across the grafting Partners of similar caliber

Splice grafting

The orientation inherent in a stem or root cutting. The distal end is nearest the stem or root tip. The proximal end is closed to the root shoot junction.

Polarity

The procedure to strip off leaves and/or lightly cut the bottom of stem cuttings

Wounding

A branch with numerous nodes is laid horizontally, and each other node is covered with soil. Shoots develop from uncovered nodes and roots form from covered nodes.

Serpentine Layering

The mounding up of soil or rooting substrate (medium) around the base during layering.

Hilling up

T/F Vegetative propagation can be defined as regenerating plants from seeds.

False, Portion of plant (stem, leaf, roots)

T/ F Trench layering can be defined as that the initial stems used to establish the layering system are laid horizontally in a trench

True

T/F Herbaceous cuttings can be defined as from little or no woody tissue materials

True

T/F Light is usually one of the limited factors for growing roots

True

T/F Extended photoperiod usually reduced the rooting percentage of stem cuttings.

False. (Does not)

T/ F New adventitious roots usually formed from wounded areas

True

T/ F The preferred rooting media pH should be 7.5-8.5.

False. (5.5- 6.5)

T/ F The ability of previously developed, differentiated cells to initiate cell divisions & form new meristems is called dedifferentiation

True

T/ F Genetic information from rootstock is usually mixed with scion genes

False

T/ F Splice graft (whip graft) is included in detached scion graftage.

True

Investigate five Factors affecting rooting of cuttings with brief explanation of each.

1. Timing

2. Hormones

3. Genetics

4. Nutrition

5. Wounding

Organs formed from a leaf blade cutting are _______ and __________.

shoot, root

Three subtypes of leaf cuttings are ________, _______, and ___________.

Leaf with petiole, Portion leaf blade, Entire leaf blade

Rooting media majorly consists of ________ and ________.

Perlite, Pine-bark

When you apply hormone to your stem cuttings, three consideration are ________, _____, and _________.

Type, concentration and application method

Woody stem cuttings could be further classified as ________, ___________, and ______.

Hardwood, semi-hardwood and softwood.

Young plants from seed germination is called _____ and rooted cuttings ____.

seedlings, liners

The advantages of doing vegetative propagation?

Vegetative propagation has several benefits. It allows plants to grow faster than from seeds. The new plants are exact copies of the parent, ensuring uniform size, shape, and quality. This method is useful when a plant does not produce seeds or produces very few. You can create many new plants from one parent at any time of the year. Overall, it is a quick and reliable way to grow healthy plants.

Discuss application methods to apply rooting hormones to your cuttings

The five application method to apply rooting hormones are liquid, powder, double dipping (liquid + powder), foliage spray and gel. For liquid, you dip the liquid hormones for 10 seconds and wait for 10-15 minutes to dry then put it in the soil. For powder, you apply the powder at the base then stick into the soil. Double dipping is putting the cutting in the liquid and then putting it in the powder , then the soil. As for foliage and gel, you can aply them at the base of the cutting and put it in the soil.

Briefly discuss four steps of root initiation of stem cuttings.

1. Dedifferentiation: cells in the cortex divide

2. Formation of Root initials : dividing cells organize into a root initial

3. Root Primordium Formation: The vascular system is forming to connect with the xylem an phloem in the parent stem

4. Root emergence: Developing adventitious roots will push their way through the cortex and epidermis and emerge to be functional roots.

Cutting Propagation Definiton and Example

Utilizes a portion of stem, root , or leaf that is cut from the parent or stock plant and induced to form roots and shoots by chemical, mechanical and environmental manipulation.

Ex: Camellia Sinesis

Topophysis Definiton and Example

Different growth characteristics when different parts of the plants are used as cuttings.

Orthotropic: Cuttings growing vertically

Plagiotropic: Cuttings growing laterally

Ex: Japanese Plum

Leaf cutting Definiton and Example

Utilize leaf blade or leaf blade plus petiole to regenerate a new plant

Ex: Snake plant

Grafting Definiton and Example

The art of using two pieces of living plant tissue together in such manner that they will unite and subsequently grow and develop as one composite plant.

Ex:Tomato With Potato

Air Layering Definition and Example

Taking an aerial stem, girdling and enclosing with a rooting media (peat moss) to form rooting on branch at the upper part of the plant.

Ex: rubber plant

A species with male and female flower on separate plant

Dioecious

A small plant derive from the root of stem cutting

Liner

Seed Provenance Definition and example

The geographic source (location) from which seed is collected

Ex: Red Maple; From Florida to Canada

Micropropagation Definition and Example

the production of new plants under the ultracontrolled environment within the culture vessel

Ex: Propagation of american Chestnut

What is the difference between orthodox seed and Recalcitrant seed?

Orthodox seeds can be dried and stored for a long time without losing their ability to grow, while recalcitrant seeds cannot be dried or stored for long because they lose their ability to grow quickly.

Q5. T/F Seeds are reproductive unit in a plant.

True

Q9. T/F

True

Q10. T/F

True

Q6. T/F

True

Q2. T/F The asexual development of a seed that represents clonal replication of the mother plant is called apomixis.

True

Q8. T/F A treatment that allows water to penetrate seedlings with a hard coat is called stratification.

False, Scarfication

a condition in which seeds will not germinate even when the environmental conditions (water, temperature, and aeration) are permissive for germination.

Dormancy

the concept that a single cell has the genetic program to grow into an entire plant

Totipotent

How do you propagate one of your favorite plant?

To propagate a mango tree using the air layering method, first choose a healthy, mature branch that is about the thickness of a finger. Remove a ring of bark about 1 inch wide from the branch, approximately 12 inches from the tip. Scrape off the green layer (cambium) underneath the bark to prevent the wound from healing. Then, wrap moist sphagnum moss around the exposed area. Cover the moss with plastic wrap and secure both ends tightly using string or tape to keep the moisture inside. Check the moss regularly to ensure it stays damp. After 6 to 8 weeks, roots should begin to form in the moss. Once roots are visible, cut the branch just below the rooted section. Plant the rooted branch in a pot with soil, water it well, and place it in a shaded area until it becomes strong enough to move into direct sunlight.

What are the three stages of seed development?

• Histodifferentiation

• Cell expansion

• Maturation drying

What are three phases of seed germination?

• Imbibition

• Lag

• Radicle emergence