APWH 7.1-7.4

Russian Revolution

Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Communists

people who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property

Porfirio Diaz

Mexican dictator, allowed foreigners control over his country's resources (1% of people control 97% of the land), Mexican Revolution

Mexican Revolution

Diaz's Government vs Francisco Madero (opposed government)

"Pancho" Villa

commander of Madero's troops

Emiliano Zapata

began redistributing land to the peasants

PRI

political party that was criticized for being very corrupt, Mexico had a PRI president from 1920-2000

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Alliances

agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Self-Determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Consequences of the Great War

-Treaty of Versailles

-New nations formed

-Some angered by treaty (Germany)

-Led to the beginning of the END of colonialism

Conscription

A military draft

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

Technologies of WW1

Trench warfare, poison gas, submarines, machine guns, airplanes, tanks

U-boats

German submarines used in World War I

Zimmermann Telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Propaganda

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Global War

a war that involves most of the principle nations of the world

Gallipoli

Peninsula in Turkey, heavy Allied effort to get supplies to Russian ally during WW1, Allies failed

Paris Peace Conference

1919 Peace Conference - meeting of the Allies at the end of WWI, concluded with the Treaty of Versailles

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US president), Georges Clemenceau (french premier), David Lloyd George (british prime minister), Vittorio Orlando (italian prime minister)

14 Points

President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Treaty of Versailles

Imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.

Great Depression

Economic crisis beginning with the US stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Keynesian Economics

Economic theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

New Deal

US President FDR's Plan out the Great Depression

1. RELIEF for those financially suffering

2. RECOVERY to bring the nation out of the depression

3. REFORM to change government policies to avoid this in the future

Russian Civil War

conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.

NEP

New Economic Policy by Lenin, reintroduced private trade, some economic liberties, maintained strict political control (mildly successful)

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Totalitarian State

country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of the lives of the people

Mussolini

founded fascism in Italy as a dictator, dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II and was executed by his own people.

Spanish Civil War

civil war in Spain in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Mohandas Gandhi

The Indian leader who used nonviolent methods to seek independence from Great Britain.

Civil disobedience

peacefully disobeying a law that seems unjust

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

Nazism

German brand of fascism, extreme nationalism and devotion to country

anti-Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Armistice Day

November 11, 1918; Germany signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting); this US holiday is now known as Veterans Day

Armenian Genocide

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.

Lost Generation

Americans who became disillusioned with society after World War I

Influenza Pandemic

Flu-like epidemic that killed more than 20 million people worldwide during 1918 and 1919

Brest-Litovsk Treaty

a treaty between Russia and Germany stating Russia's withdrawal from the war and letting German gain Poland, Ukraine and other territories to the Germans

Gavrilo Princip

Member of a terrorist organization called The Black Hand. Helped to end the optimistic Progressive era in America. Murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Wanted to set Bosnia free from Austria-Hungary

Ukrainian Famine or Genocide

Josef Stalin took away food from the people of Ukraine, which resulted in the death of millions of people

Battle of Marne

a World War I battle in northwestern France where the Allies defeated the Germans in 1918