from past year papers

2023 bio 1.1

why when pulmonary semilunar is affected, blood flow is affected

as it impairs forward flow, reduces cardiac output so less oxygen is delivered to tissues

how to calculate cardiac output

1. find stroke volume

SV= EDV (120) - ESV (80) = 40

2. find CO

CO= SV x HR

how is tissue perfusion of oxygen affected when alveolar tissues are destroyed

if alveoli are destroyed, lesser surface area= lesser oxygen diffusion= impaired tissue oxygenation (hypoxia)

what are the functions of the pancreas

1. secretes digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, protease)

2. secretes bicarbonate to neutralise gastric acid

3. endocrine insulin secretion

4. endocrine glucagon secretion

describe a quaternary protein structure

4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta), each with group containing irons

why are oxygen atoms transported by a haemoglobin molecule

each Fe2+ binds O2 reversibly that transports from lungs to tissues

how are the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole adjusted to regulate the blood volume when a person has a severe bleeding

• afferent arterioles will dilate

• efferent arteriole constricts

• increases glomerular pressure

• conserves blood volume by reducing urine output

functions of skeletal system

1. supports body structure

2. works with muscular system to move

3. protects organs

4. mineral storage (calcium and phosphate)

5. blood cell production

whats the difference between negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms of homeostatic regulation

1. negative feedback stabilised and reverse changes whereas positive feedback amplifies changes

2. negative feedback maintains homeostasis whereas positive feedback usually non-homeostatic

3. negative feedback is common whereas positive feedback is rare

whats an example of negative feedback and positive feedback

negative: blood glucose regulation by insulin

positive: oxytocin during childbirth

state the blood types that can be safely transfused into blood type B positive

1. B+

2. B-

3. O+

4. O-

state all the antigens and antibodies present in blood type B positive

1. antigen B

2. Rh(D0

3. anti-A

what is the blood cell for acute bacterial infection

neutrophils increasing

what is the blood cell for 5th day influenza viral infection

lymphocytes increasing

whats the blood cell for bruises and gum bleeding

platelets decreasing

9 molecules of glucose and 6 molecules pf galactose, what molecule is this

polysaccharide

what substance is present in urine of a chronic kidney failure person

albumin

RNA sequence

AGC AUG CCG (jst rmb AUG)

crossing over is which stage

prophase 1

why HDL more beneficial than LDL

• HDL extracts cholesterol from artery walls and disposes them to liver

• HDL transports cholesterol from blood vessels to liver

at what condition can pepsin survive in

pH 2.2 and 37 degrees

gunshot at chest is what cavity

pleural

right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs via what

pulmonary artery

pH increase, kidney excrete more what

bicarbonate ions

structure which prevents entry of food and liquid into larynx is what

epiglottis

asthma inhaler works, why

relaxes smooth muscles of bronchioles

what organelle of endomembrane system refines proteins and processes it

golgi apparatus

kidney regulates amount of what in blood by activating vit D

calcium