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Frauds influence
- psychoanalysis: techniques are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts so that the patient gains more insight as the real source of his/her problems. Replace maladaptive behaviors with adaptive ones. How do past conflicts influence current behavior and relationships?
What is free association
Spontaneously report uncensored thoughts, mental images, and feelings as they come to mind
What is resistance?
conscious or unconscious attempts to block the revelation of repressed memories and conflicts
What is dream interpretation
a therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams.
What is transference
the patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient’s other relationships to the psychoanalyst.
What is evaluation of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches?
it usually takes years and the patient reveals things about themselves to the therapist over time. Freud’s psychoanalytical perspective has been expanded upon by the developments of subsequent theories and methodologies: the psychodynamic perspective. This approach to therapy remains centered on the role of people’s internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive than Freud’s original model.
What is humanistic therapy
helps people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. They also emphasize the patient’s present and future, as opposed to exploring the patient’s past.
What does the humanistic therapy emphasize
The inherent goodness of people
Human potential
Self-actualization
The self-concept
Freedom of choice
Healthy personality development
What is carl Rogers’ client centered therapy?
nondirective therapy, a therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings. Emphasizes the client’s subjective perception of himself and environment.
How did rogers think that the therapist should conduct therapy sessions?
therapist should be reflective and nondirective. They should not direct the client, make decisions for the client, offer solutions, or pass judgment on the client’s thoughts or feelings
What qualities of therapist did Rogers believe are necessary?
1) genuineness- therapist honestly and openly shares thoughts and feelings with client. (2) unconditional positive regard- therapist must value, accept, and care for client, whatever the client’s problems or behavior. (3) empathetic understanding- create a psychological mirror: reflect the meaning of the feelings being expressed by client.
What is self actualization?
The achievement of our fullest potential
What is the evaluation of humanistic therapy
It can can be an effective approach for a range of issues, particularly when focusing on personal growth and self-acceptance, with research showing positive changes compared to no therapy at all, but it can be criticized for its lack of structure and difficulty in measuring its effectiveness due to its client-centered, non-directive nature
What is systematic desensitization
involves learning a new conditioned response (relaxation) that is incompatible with or inhibits the old conditioned response (fear and anxiety). Often combined with other techniques like observational learning
Progressive relaxation (relaxing muscle groups)
Anxiety hierarchy/patient imagines a relaxing control scene
Patient is deeply relaxed and works their way up the anxiety hierarchy through imagination. It later moves to the actual feared situation
What is virtual reality exposure to therapy?
Using a simulation to help conquer fears
What is flooding?
exposure therapy that involvesintensive exposure to the feared object or event for an extended period until the individual's anxiety decreases. However, there is no gradual exposure via the use of an anxiety hierarchy as is the case with systematic desensitization, another type of exposure therapy. Rather, the person is "flooded" with extreme exposure to the feared object or situation. Anxiety will likely increase until it reaches a certain point and then decrease.
What is token economy
involves a controlled setting where individuals are reinforced for desirable behaviors with tokens, such as a poker chip, that can be exchanged for items or privileges. Token economies are often used in psychiatric hospitals to increase patient cooperation and activity levels.
What is evaluation of behavior therapies?
it is considered to be a highly effective treatment approach, often considered at least as effective as other therapies, and applicable to a wide range of psychological issues and populations, with research supporting its efficacy across various disorders;key aspects of its evaluation include its focus on measurable behavioral changes, ability to address current problems directly, and the use of well-defined techniques like cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy
What is cognitive therapy
focuses on how a person’s thoughts lead to feelings of distress.
Who is Aron Beck
His initial focus was on depression and how a client’s self-defeating attitude served to maintain a depression despite positive factors in her life.
What is distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs
distorted thinking is how people misinterpret a situation (ex. Overgeneralizing). An example of irrational/unrealistic beliefs is because Ray failed his Psychology 101 test, he has concluded that he’s going to fail the entire course and probably flunk out of college altogether. Therapists in cognitive therapy help clients recognize dysfunctional ideas, challenge catastrophizing thoughts about themselves and their situations, and find a more positive way to view things through questioning.
What is all or nothing thinking?
reflects extremes/ black and white
What is jumping to conclusion
assuming that people are thinking negatively about you or reacting negatively to you, even though there is no evidence.
What is overgeneralizing
making a small situation huge
what is Cognitive behavioral therapy
One of the first forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy was rational emotive therapy (RET). focuses on observable behaviors. cbt helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior. It aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors. In essence, this approach is designed to change the way people think as well as how they act.
What is the ABC of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Action (Joe doesn’t get a girl’s phone #)
Belief (Joe believes he is an ugly loser)
Consequence (Joe feels depressed and is prevented from trying to meet other people)
What is the evaluation of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT)
widely considered to be a highly effective treatment for a range of mental health conditions, with a strong evidence base from numerous studies, demonstrating its efficacy for treating anxiety, depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and more;making it a leading "first-line" treatment option due to its proven effectiveness and cost-efficiency, although some limitations may exist depending on the individual and specific situation
What are some advantages of group therapy over individual psychotherapy
group therapy is typically less expensive than individual therapy. Working within the group provides an opportunity for clients to try out new behaviors in a safe environment. Also, the group therapist can observe how a client actually interacts with others.
What are some limitations of group therapy over individual psychotherapy?
Typically, the client cannot establish a deeply personal, intimate relationship with the therapist if just group therapy is sought. Also, sometimes group therapy members learn negative behaviors from other group members.
Is psychotherapy effective compared to no treatment
Overall, research indicates that psychotherapy is more effective than no therapy for people with psychological problems. Psychotherapy accelerates both the rate and the degree of improvement.
Is one form of psychotherapy superior in term of effectiveness
Generally, there is little or no difference in the effectiveness of various types of psychotherapies. "Despite sometimes dramatic differences in psychotherapy techniques, all of the standard psychotherapies have very similar success rates.”
Are all forms of psychotherapy effective?
"in some cases, one type of psychotherapy is more effective than another in treating a particular problem. For example, cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy are effective in treating depression. Cognitive, cognitive-behavioral, and behavior therapies tend to be more successful than insight-oriented therapies in helping people who are experiencing panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobias
What factors contribute to effective psychotherapy
Multiple factors contribute to effective psychotherapy including the following: the quality of the therapeutic relationship (e.g., care and mutual respect), therapist characteristics (e.g., caring attitude, ability to listen, sensitivity), client characteristics (e.g., motivation, active involvement, emotional and social maturity), and external characteristics.
What are Biomedical therapies
Individuals can be prescribed biologically based treatments or psychotropic medications that are used to treat mental disorders. While these are often used in combination with psychotherapy, they are also taken by individuals not in therapy.
What are psychotropic medications (drugs used to treat psychological disorders?
drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance
mood stabilizers: bipolar disorder. Treat episodes of mania as well as depression
stimulants: ADHD. Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention
What are antipsychotic medications and how do they work?
These medications treat the symptoms of a psychological disorder by altering the levels or effects of neurotransmitters.
- antipsychotics: schizophrenia/severe thought disorders. Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine.
- atypical antipsychotics: schizophrenia/severe thought disorders. Treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms.
What are some drawbacks of antipsychotic medications?
Long-term use can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson’s-like tremors. atypical antipsychotics can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness
What are anti-anxiety medications and how do they work?
Anxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia. Depress central nervous system activity.
What is lithium (a mood stabilizer) and how does it work?
controls bipolar disorder and regulates a neurotransmitter called glutamate
What are antidepressant medications and how do they work?
depression and increasingly for anxiety. Alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine
What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
(formerly known by its unscientific name as electroshock therapy). It involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression. the memory loss associated with repeated administrations has led to it being implemented as a last resort
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