Nutrition I & II Lecture Flashcards

Comprehensive flashcards covering nutrition requirements for pregnant and lactating women, children, and the elderly based on lecture material from Nutrition I & II.

What components should a well-balanced diet for a pregnant woman include?

Energy food (fats and carbohydrates), fruits and vegetables (minerals and vitamins), and protein food.

What is the recommended average weight gain during pregnancy for a woman with a normal pre-pregnancy weight?

$$10 - 13\,kg$$

If a woman is overweight before pregnancy, what is the targeted weight gain?

$$8 - 9\,kg$$

Which four specific nutrients have increased requirements during pregnancy for blood production, cell growth, and bone health?

Folate, Vitamin B12, Iron, and Calcium.

When is the critical period to take folate to help reduce the risk of neural tube defects?

$1\,\text{month}$ before conception and throughout the 1st trimester.

What is identified as the most common neural tube defect?

Spina bifida

Why are iron requirements increased during pregnancy?

To provide for enlarged blood volume and placental and fetal needs.

For how long do the fetus's iron stores typically last after birth?

Through the first $4-6\,\text{months}$.

Which nutrient is needed to activate the folate enzyme?

Vitamin B12

How much does calcium absorption change early in pregnancy?

It more than doubles.

What shift of calcium occurs during the last trimester of pregnancy?

Calcium shifts across the placenta as fetal bones calcify.

How many cups of fat-free or low-fat milk does the USDA food guide suggest for pregnant women daily?

$$3\,\text{cups}$$

What condition can alcohol consumption during pregnancy cause in the fetus?

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

List at least four potential risks associated with smoking while pregnant.

Complicated birth, fetal growth retardation, low-birth weight infant, fetal death, spontaneous abortion, respiratory infection, childhood asthma, or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Which four types of fish should pregnant and lactating women avoid due to mercury?

Shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and golden snapper.

What is the recommended limit for weekly fish or seafood consumption for pregnant women?

An average of $4\,\text{servings}$ ($90\,g$ or $1\,\text{palm size}$ per serving).

What is the minimum energy intake per day required for successful lactation?

$$1800\,kcal/day$$

On average, how much extra energy does a woman need per day to produce an adequate supply of breast milk?

$$500\,kcal/day$$

What is the recommended extra daily energy intake during the first 6 months of lactation?

$$+330\,kcal/day$$

What is the recommended extra daily energy intake during the second 6 months of lactation?

$$+400\,kcal/day$$

What is the Adequate Intake (AI) for total water for a lactating woman?

$$3.8\,L/day$$

How do nutritional inadequacies affect breast milk?

They reduce the quantity but not the quality of the breast milk.

Does dietary calcium intake affect the calcium concentration of breast milk?

No, but bones may lose density if the mother's intake is inadequate.

Which two vitamins are often lacking in a strict vegan diet, potentially harming a breastfeeding infant?

Vitamin B12 and Vitamin A

How does alcohol consumption affect milk production?

It may reduce milk production by inhibiting the oxytocin hormone.

What is the impact of cigarette smoking on breast milk?

It reduces milk volume.

What feeding characteristic is typical of a child aged 1 to 2 years?

They use their fingers and thumb to pick up things and attempt to feed themselves with a spoon.

At what age range do children typically have all 20 of their baby teeth?

Two to three years

What food preferences are common in children aged 3 to 6 years?

Plain, bland, and unmixed foods.

In children aged 6 to 9 years, what changes occur regarding their teeth?

They start to lose front teeth and permanent teeth start to appear.

What should measurements significantly below standard on a growth chart suggest?

Malnutrition

How many kcalories per day does an average one-year-old child need?

$$\approx 800\,kcalories/day$$

How many kcalories per day does an average six-year-old child need?

$$\approx 1600\,kcalories/day$$

How many kcalories per day does an average ten-year-old child need?

$$\approx 2000\,kcalories/day$$

What is the DRI for Iron for children aged 1 to 3 years?

$$7\,mg/day$$

What is the DRI for Iron for children aged 4 to 8 years?

$$10\,mg/day$$

What is the DRI for Iron for children aged 9 to 13 years?

$$8\,mg/day$$

Which vitamin can be added to meals to improve iron absorption in children?

Vitamin C

What are the three main categories of causes for nutrient-poor diets in the elderly?

Physiological, psychological, and economical causes.

What nutritional strategy is recommended for the elderly because their metabolic rates and energy needs decrease?

Choosing nutrient-dense foods.

What is sarcopenia in the context of elderly health?

Muscle wasting

By the year 2030, what proportion of Singapore residents is expected to be aged 65 and older?

$$1\,\text{in every}\ 5\,\text{residents}$$

Why is protein intake especially important for the elderly?

To support the immune system, prevent sarcopenia, and optimize bone mass.

Why should the elderly consume abundant carbohydrates?

To protect protein from being used as an energy source.

What condition causes a chronic inflammation of the stomach and can lead to Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly?

Atrophic gastritis

Why do older adults have a greater risk of Vitamin D deficiency?

They may drink little milk, have limited sun exposure, and aging reduces the skin's capacity to make Vitamin D.

What are two clinical symptoms of zinc deficiency in the elderly?

Decline in taste acuity and dermatitis.

What is the RDA for calcium for the elderly?

$$1200\,mg/day$$

What are the benefits of exercise regarding cholesterol levels in the elderly?

Decrease in serum total cholesterol, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and Triglycerides (TG), and an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

What is the recommended daily fluid intake for the elderly?

At least $6-8\,\text{glasses}$