MicroBiology

pathology

study of disease

etiology

study of the cause of a disease

endemic

disease that is always present in a population

sporadic

occurs occasionally

pandemic

occurs worldwide

epidemic

many people in a given area get a certain disease in a short time

infection

invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism

disease

any change other than an injury that interferes with the normal functions of the body

pathogen

disease causing microorganism

zoonotic

virus travels by animals

vaccine

weakened or inactive viruses to produce immunity from a disease

pili

transfers dna

Conjugation

Sexual reproduction in bacteria

flagella

used for movement

binary fission

asexual reproduction in bacteria

disinfectant

reduces population

sterilization

complete elimination, from extreme heat or radiation

pasteurization

use of mild heating to kill organisms that spoil (milk, eggs)

radiation

destroys DNA so that it can not reproduce

What are the characteristics of viruses?

no cells, does not use energy, cannot make its own proteins, reproduces with a living host, has genetic material, and grows

What do they have in common with living things?

they have genetic material and change/mutate

How are they different from living things?

Not made of cells, cannot make its own protein, cannot use energy, cannot reproduce w/o living host

What are 2 parts all viruses must have?

capsid and nucleic acid

What are the extra parts?

the envelope

What are the functions of each part?

Capsid- protection

Nucleic Acid- tells virus what host and how to effect it

Envelope- spikes to attach to host

Be able to label a bacteriophage

Be able to label corona virus

What are the steps of the lytic cycle and what happens during each?

Attachment- virus attaches to host cell

Entry- inserts viral RNA/DNA; destroys cell's DNA and takes over; polymerase replicates viral DNA/RNA

Replication- viral DNA makes more copies of itself

Assembly- new viruses assemble their dna and protein capsids

Lysis- enzymes cause cell to burst

How is the lysogenic cycle different?

it takes longer and doesn't replicate right away; the DNA is inactive and is copied during cell division

What are different ways to transmit a disease?

Direct (person to person) contact,

indirect contact,

droplets (sneeze),

waterborne, foodborne, airborne, zoonotic

What type of virus is corona

RNA

How is corona transmitted?

inhalation, sneezing, talking

What is the effect on the body for corona?

the alveoli become inflammed

How to treat corona?

Vaccine

How is ebola transmitted?

contact with infected body fluids

How did Ebola end?

How did the workers protect themselves form Ebola?

How did the girl become infected with the flu?

A man sneezed in the elevator and she breathed it in.

What cells does the flu infect?

Throat cells

What are the symptoms from the infection?

A raw, swollen, and sore throat

her nerves are hypersensitive

What happened in the body of the girl who got the flu?

At first her immune system sprays a poison to kill the virus cells (the natural killer cells). Then the T cells activate and take out the infected cells in the blood stream. The B cells manufacture antibodies and paralyze the virus.

What are the 3 types of vaccines?

Live (weakened)- virus in a weakened form

Inactive- virus is killed by heat or formaldehyde

mRNA- gives mRNA to make antigens....eventually wears down

How are RNA viruses different than DNA viruses?

RNA are always mutating

How did Salk and Jenner contribute to medical advancement?

They made the polio and smallpox vaccine.

How did they make each vaccine?

Salk killed polio with formaldehyde

Jenner used cowpox for smallpox vaccine

Explain how gene therapy works.

viruses are engineered to carry a beneficial genes and inset them into a cell, they either inject the virus into the patient or take a sample tissue and do it in labs

what type of bacteria live in extreme, harsh environments?

archaebacteria

How does bacteria reproduce?

Asexual- binary fission parent divides into 2 identical daughter cells

Sexual- conjugation DNA is passed through the pili, plasmids are exchanged, creates diversity

How is viral reproduction different than bacterial reproduction?

viruses need a living host

Know the shapes of bacteria and arrangements

and a S shaped one named vibrio

Know the parts of a bacterium

Capsule- outermost

Cell wall

Cell membrane- innermost

nuclear area

ribosomes

pili

flagella

where are bacteria found?

everywhere

what is the difference of how viruses and bacteria cause diseases?

Viruses burst cell

Bacteria releases toxins

What are the different ways to control bacteria?

disinfectant, sterilization, refrigeration, radiation, heat, alcohol

why are bacteria considered prokaryotes?

They have no nucleus, are single-cellular, and have no complex organelles.

what are several beneficial uses for bacteria

They decompose, purify sewage, make drugs, break down oil spills, make food, and digest food.

what are antibiotics? why are they useless for viral infections?

They are medicine that fights against life (bacteria)

They wouldn't work because viruses are not alive

Explain the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.