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How many immigrants came to the United States from 1880 to 1920?
Approximately 23 million.
What percentage of the U.S. population was foreign-born in 1910?
14.7%.
what immigrants built railways
Irish immigrants.
What groups faced heavy discrimination in the U.S.?
Italians, Southern and Eastern Europeans.
Which company recruited descendants of formerly enslaved Africans around 1916?
Ford Motor Company.
What was the purpose of labor recruitment in the Northeast and Midwest?
To provide cheap, abundant labor for the manufacturing industry.
What did the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo accomplish?
Mexico ceded territories to the U.S., leading to a gold rush and the need for the transcontinental railroad.
What was the first federal legislation to exclude a nationality?
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
What restrictions were placed on Japanese immigrants by a 1920 law?
They were forbidden from leasing land or acting as guardians of native-born minors.
Which nationals were exempt from the 1918 ban on illiterates?
Immigrants from Mexico and Canada.
Which group was exempted from the 1924 National Origins Act?
Mexico and Western Hemisphere countries.
What impact did the Great Depression have on immigration according to Portes?
It slowed immigration and increased deportations, especially of Mexicans.
What was the Bracero program?
A contractual agreement for Mexican workers to support U.S. farms and economy.
What change did the 1965 Act bring for immigrant Mexicans?
It helped them remain in the U.S. and legalize their status.
What does 'spatial fix' refer to?
Companies moving production abroad to reduce labor costs.
What is the principal pull factor for labor migration according to Portes?
The expansion of the H-2 Program.
What is referred to as 'bottom tier' demand?
The demand for manual labor.
What is ICE and what occurred in 2008?
Immigration and Customs Enforcement began mass deportations.
What is the H-1B program?
A program allowing U.S. employers to sponsor professional immigrants.
What are 'ethnic enclaves'?
Immigrant enterprises that primarily hire individuals from the same minority.
What is the Refugee Act of 1980?
An act that grants legal standing and work rights to refugees.
What distinguishes a refugee from an asylee?
A refugee is outside the U.S. while an asylee is already present within it.
How did geographical proximity affect immigrant workers?
It reduced journey and return costs for migrants.
Which immigrant groups primarily settled in the Midwest due to heavy industry?
Central and Eastern Europeans.
Which immigrant groups were involved in canal construction?
Irish and Italian workers.
What immigrant group benefited from cheap land in the Midwest?
Germans, Scandinavians, and Czech immigrants.
Which immigrants tend to be more dispersed through the U.S.?
Professionals.
Where are the largest concentrations of Cubans found in the U.S.?
Miami, Florida.
Which group of immigrants was most dispersed in 2019?
Indians.
Which group of immigrants concentrated heavily in NYC recently?
Indians and Chinese.
What was the largest national contingent of immigrants in 2019?
Mexicans.
What does Portes say about the benefits of spatial concentration for immigrants?
It may help upward economic mobility.
Which immigrant group does Portes describe as containing a sizable number of professionals with a main destination of Los Angeles, where an ethnic enclave grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s?
Koreans
