Unit 1- topic 1

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Matter

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Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

31 Terms

1

Matter

Anything that takes up space and has mass, including rocks, metals, oils, gases, and organisms

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2

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions; there are 92 naturally occurring elements

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3

Compound

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio, such as H2O or NaCl

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4

Essential Elements

20-25% of the 92 naturally occurring elements that are essential for survival and reproduction; CHOPN make up 96% of living matter

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5

Trace Elements

Elements required by an organism in very small quantities

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6

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom

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7

Atomic Mass

The number of protons plus neutrons averaged over all isotopes

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8

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that determine its chemical properties

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9

Bohr Model

A model showing electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom in defined energy levels

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10

Lewis Dot Model

A simplified representation of an atom that shows only the valence electrons

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11

Chemical Bonds

An attraction between two atoms resulting from the sharing or transferring of valence electrons

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12

Electronegativity

A measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons to itself

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13

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed when two or more atoms share electrons, typically between nonmetals

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14

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms

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15

Polar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are not shared equally, resulting in partial charges

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16

Ionic Bonds

The attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically formed between metals and nonmetals

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17

Hydrogen Bonds

An attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom in one polar covalent molecule and an electronegative atom in another

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18

Polarity

The property of water that results from the unequal sharing of electrons, making it a polar molecule

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19

Cohesion

The attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind, responsible for surface tension in water

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20

Adhesion

The clinging of one molecule to a different molecule, allowing water to resist the pull of gravity in plants

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21

Capillary Action

The upward movement of water due to cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

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22

High Specific Heat

The ability of water to resist changes in temperature due to hydrogen bonds

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23

Evaporative Cooling

The process where water absorbs heat when it evaporates, cooling the surface it leaves

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24

Density of Ice

Water expands and becomes less dense when it solidifies, allowing ice to float and marine life to survive beneath it

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25

Solvent

A substance that dissolves other substances; water is a versatile solvent due to its polar nature

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26

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, consisting of a solvent and a solute

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27

Solute

Substance that is dissolved

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28

Group

elements in the same vertical column have the same number of valence electrons

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29

Period

Elements in the same horizontal row have the same total number of electron shells

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30

Octet Rule

Elements will gain, lose, or share electrongs to complete their valence shell and become stable

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31

Intermolecular bond

Bond that forms between molecules

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