Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards for the major body systems, including respiratory, circulatory, excretory, digestive, immune, endocrine, and fetal circulation.

Nostrils

Bring air into the respiratory system.

Pharynx

Shared pathway for air and food in the respiratory and digestive systems. connects the nose and mouth to the larynx (voice box) and esophagus (food tube)

Glottis

Opening to the airway in the respiratory system. Pharynx → Larynx → Glottis → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs

Larynx

Produces sound in the respiratory system. Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs

Trachea

Windpipe that carries air to the lungs. Nose/Mouth → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs

Lungs

Where oxygen enters the blood and CO₂ exits.Trachea → Bronchi → Lungs → Alveoli (gas exchange) → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium

Diaphragm

Muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs.

Heart

Central pump of the circulatory system. Body → Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Ductus Arteriosus → Aorta → Body/Placenta

Jugular veins

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart. Head/neck → Jugular veins → Superior vena cava → Right atrium

Common carotid artery, abdominal aorta, iliac artery

Send oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Renal artery/vein

Connect kidneys to the blood supply.

Hepatic vein, liver, umbilical artery (fetal)

Filter blood from digestive organs or send blood to the placenta (fetal).

Renal arteries

Bring oxygenated blood into the kidneys for filtration. Aorta → Renal Arteries → Kidneys

Kidneys

Filter blood in the excretory system. Renal arteries → Kidneys (filter blood) → Renal veins (clean blood to heart)

Renal veins

Return filtered blood to the circulatory system. Kidneys → Renal veins → Inferior vena cava → Right atrium

Bladder

Stores urine from kidneys via ureters. Kidneys → Ureters → Bladder → Urethra

Incisors, canines, tongue, papillae, hard/soft palate

Begin digestion through chewing and tasting.

Esophagus

transports food from the mouth to the stomach. Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach

Stomach

Breaks down food. Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus

Liver

Processes nutrients and makes bile. Liver → Bile duct → Gallbladder (storage) or directly → Small intestine (duodenum)

Gallbladder

Stores/releases bile. Liver → Bile → Gallbladder (storage) → Bile Duct → Small Intestine (duodenum)

Pancreas

Makes digestive enzymes. Pancreas → Pancreatic duct → Small intestine (duodenum)

Jejunum (small intestine)

Absorbs nutrients.

Large intestine

connects directly to the small intestine and eventually leads to the rectum and anus for waste elimination. absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food residu

Rectum

Stores solid waste for elimination. Large Intestine (colon) → Rectum → Anus

Thymus

Trains immune T-cells. Bone marrow → Thymus → Bloodstream → Lymph nodes/Spleen

Thyroid

Regulates metabolism with hormones. affecting everything from metabolism and heart rate to brain development and digestion. Thyroid → Hormones → Bloodstream → Body tissues

Pancreas

Regulates blood sugar (insulin/glucagon).

Umbilical artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from pig fetus to placenta.Fetal Heart → Aorta → Umbilical Artery → Placenta

superior vena cava

The superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body (head, neck, arms) to the right atrium of the heart. Upper body veins → Superior vena cava → Right atrium

inferior vena cava

carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body (abdomen, legs, pelvis) to the right atrium of the heart. Lower body veins → Inferior vena cava → Right atrium

Right Atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle. Superior & inferior vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle

Right Ventricle

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery, sending it to the lungs for oxygenation. Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs

Pulmonary Artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs

Ductus Arteriosus

fetal blood vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery directly to the aorta, bypassing the lungs (which aren’t used before birth). Pulmonary artery → Ductus arteriosus → Aorta

Aorta

The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the entire body. Left ventricle → Aorta → Body (arteries and tissues)

dorsa arota

(arteries and veins) supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) and remove waste products. Aorta → Coronary arteries → Heart muscle → Coronary veins → Right atrium

coronary vessels

left subclavian

supplies oxygenated blood to the right arm and some parts of the chest and brain. Right brachiocephalic artery → Right subclavian artery → Right arm (and parts of chest/brain)

right subclavian

right brachiocephalic

carries oxygenated blood from the aorta to the right arm and right side of the head and neck. Aorta → Right brachiocephalic artery → Right subclavian artery (arm) & Right common carotid artery (head/neck)

intercostal

The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and help with breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity. Rib movement (expand/contract) → Changes chest volume → Air flows in/out of lungs

ventricle

The ventricles pump blood out of the heart—Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs
Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body