biology C1.2

sl

describe the structure of ATP

adenine (a nitrogenous base), ribose (a 5-carbon sugar), and three phosphate groups.

why is ATP sutiable as an energy currency?

contains high-energy phosphate bonds

small and soluble so it is easily transported in cell

releases energy quickly (hydrolysis)

can be rapidly regenerated from ADP

examples of cellular process equiring ATP

active transport

muscle contraction

DNA/RNA synthesis

protein synthesis

vesicle transport

cell division

metabolic reactions

ATP-ADP cycle

1. ATP → ADP + Pi by hydrolysis, releasing energy.

2. ADP + Pi → ATP by phosphorylation using energy from respiration.

3. Cycle continuously regenerates ATP.

how much energy is released when ATP is hydrolysed?

30kJ/mol

why is heat generated in the ATP-ADP cycle?

Energy transfer is not 100% efficient; some energy is lost as heat during reactions.

define cellular respiration

Controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP.

Metabolic process releasing energy in cells.

define gas excahgne

physcial movement of O2 and CO2 between organsim and environemtn

why must cellular respiration occur continuously

ATP cannot be stored long-term; cells constantly need ATP for essential processes.

common substrates for cellular respiration

glucose

lipids

amino acids

anaerobic respiration

no oxygen required

produces lactic acid

generates a samll amount of ATP

short duration bursts of energy

aerobic respiration

requires oxygen

produces CO2 and H2O

generates large amounts of ATP

used for sustained activity

ways to determine rate of cellular respiration

measure CO2 production

measure O2 consumption

measure heat release

investigative techqnieus for respiratiuon rate

respirometers

Co2 sensors

pH change in solution