Lab 1 Practical

anatomical position

anatomical position

standing feet slightly apart, toes forward, arms toward the ground with palms facing forward

Superior

towards the upper part of the body

Inferior

towards the lower part of the body

anterior (ventral)

towards the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

towards the back of the body

Medial

towards the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Proximal

close to the body’s attachment point

Distal

farther away from body’s attachment points

Superficial

towards the body surface

deep

away from the body surface

Plane

flat surface examined in many anatomical studies

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divided the body into right and left parts

Mid-sagittal plane

vertical plane at body’s midline

frontal plane

vertical plane that dived the body into ventral and dorsal parts

Transverse plane (cross section)

horizontal plane that divided the body into superior and inferior parts

what number is the dorsal body cavity

2

what number is the cranial cavity

1

what number is the vertebral cavity

3

what number is the thoracic cavity

4

what number is the abdominal cavity

6

what number is the pelvic cavity

7

what number is the diaphragm

5

right upper quadrant organs (A)

liver
pancreas
gallbladder
duodenum
transverse colon
right adrenal gland
right kidney

left upper quadrant organs (B)

liver
stomach
spleen
pancreas
transverse colon
left adrenal gland
left kidney

left lower quad organs (D)

small intestine
descending colon
urinary bladder
part of left kidney
left ureter
left ovary and uterine tube
left spermatic cord
signmoid colon

Right lower quad (C)

small intestine
ascending colon
appendix
urinary bladder
part of right kidney
right ureter
right ovary and uterine tube
right spermatic cord

what number is right hypochondriac region

1

what number is epigastric region

2

what number is left hypochondriac region

3

what number is right lumbar region

4

what number is umbilical region

5

what number is left lumbar region

6

what number is right iliac region

7

what number is hypogastric region

8

what number is left iliac region

9

histology

the study of tissue structure and function

nervous tissue

internal communication

brain

spinal cord

nerves

muscle tissue

contracts to cause movement

muscles attached to the bone

muscles of the heart

muscle walls of hollow organs

epithelial tissue

sheets of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

lining of digestive system

glans

skin surface

connective tissue

supports protects bind to other tissues

bones

tendons

fat and other padding tissue

apical surface

–Not attached to surrounding tissue

–Exposed to the external environment or cavity of internal organ

–May possess cilia or microvilli

basal surface

–Attached to the basement membrane

Simple squamous epithelia description

one layer of squamous cells; the thinnest

Simple squamous epithelia key location

alveoli

lining of blood vessels

glomeruli (Kidneys)

serosa of the ventral body cavity

Simple squamous epithelia main functions

supports rapid diffusion

filtration

secretion

Simple squamous epithelia picture

Simple cuboidal epithelia description

one layer of cuboidal cells

Simple cuboidal epithelia key locations

kidney tubes

Simple cuboidal epithelia main functions

absorption and secretion

Simple cuboidal epithelia picture

Simple columnar epithelia description

one layer of columnar cells

may have cilia or microvilli

some goblet cells

Simple columnar epithelia key locations

GI tract (stomach to rectum)

gallbladder

fallopian tubes (cilia)

Simple columnar epithelia main functions

absorption

secretion

propel substances along apical surface

Simple columnar epithelia picture

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia description

will appear to have multiple layers; but actually has one

cells have varying heights

can have cilia or goblet cells

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia key locations

nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia main functions

secretion

propel mucus (cilia) towards throat

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia picture

Stratified squamous epithelia, non-keratinized picture

Stratified squamous epithelia, non-keratinized description

many layers of cells

cells on apical surface are squamous shaped

nuclei are found in all layers

Stratified squamous epithelia, non-keratinized key locations

oral cavity

esophagus

anus

vagina

Stratified squamous epithelia, non-keratinized main functions

protecting connective tissue from abrasive forces

Stratified squamous epithelia, keratinized picture

Stratified squamous epithelia, keratinized description

many layers of cells

apical layer has squamous shaped cells

no nuclei in layers near apical surface

Stratified squamous epithelia, keratinized key locations

epidermis of the skin

Stratified squamous epithelia, keratinized main functions

protecting dermis forces abrasive forces

Transitional epithelia picture

Transitional epithelia description

stratified number of layers depends on the degree of stretch

Transitional epithelia key locations

ureters

urinary bladder

urethra

Transitional epithelia main function

designed to stretch

Nervous Tissue picture

Nervous Tissue description

Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are various types of glial cells.

Nervous Tissue function

Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands); glial cells support and protect neurons.

Nervous Tissue description location

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Areolar Connective Tissue structural features

RC- fibroblast

OC- Immune Cells

ECM - Abundant ground substance; all 3 fibers

Areolar Connective Tissue key functions

anchors epithelial tissue

wrap around organs to form a cushion

fight infection

Areolar Connective Tissue main location

deep to epithelial tissue

surrounding organs

Areolar Connective Tissue picture

Adipose Tissue picture

Adipose Tissue structural features

rc- fibroblast

oc- adipose cell (most abundant)

ecm- sparce; same comp as areolar

Adipose Tissue key functions

stores fat

insulates

cushions

Adipose Tissue main locations

subcutaneous tissue

wall of abdominopelvic cavity

eyes, kidneys, breasts

Reticular Connective Tissue picture

Reticular Connective Tissue structural features

rc- fibroblast

oc- immune cells

ecm- abundant reticular fibers

Reticular Connective Tissue key functions

form soft skeleton of lymphoid organs

support the development of blood; immune cells

Reticular Connective Tissue main locations

bone marrow

spleen

lymph nodes

Dense Regular Connective Tissue picture

Dense Regular Connective Tissue structural features

rc- fibroblast

ecm- filled with collagen fibers arranged in parallel

Dense Regular Connective Tissue key functions

forms attachments

→ bone to bone

→ muscle to bone

Dense Regular Connective Tissue main locations

bone to bone → ligaments

muscle to bone → tendons

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue picture

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue structural features

rc- fibroblast

ecm- abundant collagen fibers; not in parallel; some elastic fibers

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue key functions

provide great tensile strength with some flexibility

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue main locations

dermis

joint capsules

Elastic Connective Tissue picture

Elastic Connective Tissue structural features

rc- fibroblast

ecm- abundant elastic fibers in parallel

Elastic Connective Tissue key functions

help maintain blood

helps expire air

Elastic Connective Tissue main locations

walls of large arteries (aorta)

walls of lungs

Hyaline Cartilage picture