Chemical Safety and Nuclear Chemistry

HAZARD

defined as any source of potential harm, damage or adverse effect on someone or something. 

RISK

the probability that a person or a thing is harmed or damaged when exposed to a hazard. 

Physical Hazards

are factors within the environment that may cause harm on the body even without touching it and they are generally discernible and perceptible. 

Physical Hazards

slippery floors, poor lighting and ventilation, and excessive noise

Chemical Hazards

refer to the chemical substances that may cause harm upon exposure to them 

Chemical Hazards

gases, fumes and liquids.

Safety Hazards

are working conditions that can cause injury, illness or death. 

Safety Hazards

slippery floors, unguarded moving equipment parts and disarranged chords and wires.

Ergonomic Hazards

are physical factors in the environment that may cause problems on the musculoskeletal system.

Ergonomic Hazards

poor workstation design, repetitive movements and poor workflow.

Psychological Hazards

are the aspects of the working environment that may affect the mental health of the individuals 

Psychological Hazards

workload, stress and discrimination.

Biological Hazards

are biological substances that may threat the health of living organisms exposed to it. 

Biological Hazards

viruses, bacteria and animals.

hazardous substance/physical or health

According to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the United States of America, a __________ is any chemical that presents _____ hazard. 

physical hazard

Under OSHA’s Health Communication Standard (HCS), ________ means a chemical that is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive. 

fire hazard, reactive hazard and explosion hazard.

Physical hazards are classified as

Health hazard

means a chemical that may cause acute or chronic health effects to exposed personnel. They are classified as either systematic effect or target organ effect. 

Republic Act 6969

a substance is hazardous when it present either a short-term acute hazard or long-term chronic toxicity. 

Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990

Republic Act 6969

Acute hazards

are those that have obvious and immediate impact while

chronic hazards

are those that have more hidden, cumulative and long-term impact.

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals

GHS stands for

United Nations

It is an internationally agreed-upon system created by the_____that requires manufacturers, importers and downstream users and distributors of chemical substances and mixtures. 

unifying the communication/replacing the specific regulations

The establishment of GHS had an objective of _________________ on hazardous products and of__________ in countries around the world.

oxidizers

flammable, self-heating

explosive

corrosive to metals

gas under pressure

acute toxicity

skin and eye irritant

target organ toxicity

corrosive to skin and eyes

aquatic toxicity

Flash Point

the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the liquid. 

National Fire Protection Association

NFPA stands for

comprehensive information/chemical substance being handled

A GHS Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a document that provides __________ on the __________

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

are garments and devices that serves as a barrier between the user and the hazard being exposed to. 

Nuclear reactions

are reactions that involve the changes of atoms from one element, to atoms of another element

spontaneous decay or bombardment

Nuclear reactions could be achieved by either _________ of particle. 

Nuclear decay or radioactivity

is a nuclear reaction in which an unstable isotope disintegrates into a more stable form. 

Nuclear radiation

 is the transmission of energy from a nuclear reaction, through space or even some sort of material. 

Half-life

is the time at which the amount of the reactant becomes one-half of the initial amount of the reactant

Activity (R) of the sample

is defined as the rate in which a sample decays. Becquerel (Bq) is the SI unit of activity.

Coulombic repulsion and short-range attraction

Nuclear Stability Determined by the ________________

Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart

This chart of nuclides helps you predict the type of radioactive decay and stable nuclides. 

valley of stability 

Black dots represent the

Nuclear Binding Energy (Eb)

the smallest amount of energy required to break down a nucleus of the atom. 

Nuclear binding energy per nucleon (BEN)

is the binding energy divided by the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) of an isotope. 

Nuclear transmutation

is defined as the transformation of one nuclide into another, via  bombardment of particles.

Nuclear Fission

occurs when a nuclide, usually large is split into smaller  nuclides and particles via decay or bombardment 

Spontaneous fission

happens when nuclides decay via fission naturally 

Induced fission

occurs in nuclear reaction that require a high energy to conduct  usually via bombardment of particles or electromagnetic radiation. 

Nuclear chain reaction

happens when the initially produced neutrons or other particles trigger new set of fission reactions. 

Nuclear Fusion

happens when light nuclides are forced together, causing them to combine into one or more nuclides. 

Nucleosynthesis

is the universal process of forming new atomic nuclei from pre-existing protons, neutrons, and lighter nuclei. This typically occurs in the stars of the Universe. 

The CNO-I cycle or Bethe-Weizsacker cycle

is one of the important synthesis cycles that produces Helium in stars 

Radiation

is a mode of energy transfer that is contactless.

Particle Radiation

happens when a particle is given off 

Electromagnetic Radiation

occurs  when only pure energy,  without any mass  whatsoever is emitted 

Nuclear Radiation

the origin of radiation is the  atomic nucleus 

Ionizing radiation

has enough energy for bond breaking or electron removing. 

Nuclear Reactors

are facilities that utilize controlled nuclear reaction  as a source of energy, for example the induced fission of Uranium-235. 

Nuclear meltdown

occurs when too many neutrons make the chain reaction uncontrollable. 

Control rods

are made up of boron or cadmium metal. They absorb neutrons to regulate the neutron flux. 

Moderators

lessen the energy of fast neutrons. Examples are water or deuterated water which function as coolants

International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES)

Nuclear accidents are categorized using the

Positron Emission Topography (PET) Scans

are used for imaging physiological aspect of the body. It is primarily used in clinical diagnosis of certain diseases, especially in determining benign or malign tumors. 

Radiation Therapy

involves the use of high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and lessen the size of tumors. 

Food irradiation

ionizing radiation is applied in food to extend its shelf-life and improve the food safety by eradicating the insects and microorganism that grow in the food itself. 

Radioactive Dating

employs comparing abundance ratio of a radioactive isotope to estimate the age of a material. The most common is the use of Carbon-14 as basis in estimating the age of materials