Biotechnology

selective breeding

choosing parents with specific traits to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable traits. humans use this to take advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation. (518)

Biotechnology

the application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms.

Hybridization

the crossing of two dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.

Inbreeding

A breeding method where closely related individuals are mated, causing an increase in homozygosity, which can lead to expression of deleterious recessive traits. It does ensure that characteristics that makes each breed unique are preserved.

Bacterial mutations

breeders can select for certain mutations that result in useful characteristics, this is especially useful in bacteria

Polyploid Plants

Certain drugs can prevent the separation of chromosomes and can produce cells that have many excess chromosomes. This is fatal in animals but useful in plants.

Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that help cut DNA into fragments of manageable size during bacterial transformation.

PCR

1. DNA is heated and separated
2. The mixture cools and primers (short stranded complementary DNA) gets added producing two complementary strands
3. The process repeats

Recombinant DNA:

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms

Plasmids

genetic structures in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium and protozoan.

Genetic Marker

makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t

CRISPR (acronym)

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

Clones

a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

transgenic

an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means.

Cas9

enzyme that cuts DNA during Crispr

gRNA

RNA that guides Cas9 to certain sequences during Crispr.

Bacterial Transformation

Scientists can take DNA molecules from any source and insert them into living cells

Step One Bacterial Transformation

uses restriction enzymes like DNA ligase to split DNA

Step Two Bacterial Transformation

The remaining half strand is called a **sticky end**

Step Three Bacterial Transformations

the sticky ends combine, creating recombinant DNA

Yeasts and Plasmids

Plasmids can be found in yeast, and yeast can be transformed and artificial chromosomes can be constructed.

CRIPSPR Step 1

Guide RNA leads Cas9 to DNA sequence

CRISPR Step 2

Cas9 cuts it

CRISPR Step 3

Enzymes in the cell try to repair the broken ends by inserting random bases, which destroys the function of the gene

CRISPR Step 4

Scientists insert strands of DNA matching those at the break, and the cell uses that repair mechanism instead.

Transgenic Plants

plants can be transformed using agrobacterium, a tumor producing bacteria that gets disabled and replaced with recombinant DNA, which is used transform plant cells

Transgenic animals

egg cells are large enough for DNA to be injected into the nucleus, and enzymes that are responsible for DNA repair help insert the foreign DNA into the cell.

Gene Therapy

the changing of a gene to treat a disease