Mock Exam #1: Chapters 1-3

Emma is in labor, and her contractions have been going on for 10 hours. Her doctor tells her she is 7 cm dilated. What stage of labor is she in?

She is in the first stage (labor) since the cervix has not yet fully dilated to 10 cm.

During delivery, Amy feels intense pressure and is told that her baby’s head is visible at the vaginal opening. What is this stage called?

This is called crowning, which occurs during the second stage (delivery).

Sarah just gave birth, but her doctor tells her that one more stage remains. What is happening in this final stage?

The third stage involves expelling the placenta and umbilical cord.

Melanie's baby is positioned feet-first in the womb as she approaches labor. What type of birth complication is this?

This is a breech presentation, which may require repositioning or a C-section.

Maria has been in labor for over 20 hours with little progress in cervical dilation. What condition is she experiencing, and what are some possible interventions?

She is experiencing failure to progress, and doctors may recommend walking, warm baths, or synthetic oxytocin to stimulate labor.

John and Lisa’s baby was delivered through a surgical incision in Lisa’s abdomen. What type of birth is this, and when is it necessary?

This is a C-section (Cesarean birth), often performed for breech births, prolonged labor, or fetal distress.

Megan’s newborn is assessed at 1 minute and receives an Apgar score of 4. What does this indicate?

A score of 4-6 means the baby needs medical assistance to improve breathing and circulation.

Noah’s newborn daughter is being evaluated on her reflexes, social responses, and neurological health using a behavioral scale. What test is being used?

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS).

Lucas is born at 35 weeks and weighs 4.5 pounds. What two classifications apply to him?

He is preterm (born before 37 weeks) and low birth weight (under 5.8 lbs or 2.5 kg).

Melanie gives birth at 13 weeks. Is her baby preterm?

No, a preterm baby is born before 37 weeks but still viable. At 13 weeks, the baby is considered a miscarriage.

Ava’s baby is born weighing 2.2 pounds. What classification of low birth weight does this fall under?

The baby is extremely low birth weight (under 2.3 lbs or 1 kg).

David and Lauren’s premature baby is placed on the mother’s chest for skin-to-skin contact several hours a day. What is this practice called, and how does it help?

This is kangaroo care, which regulates body temperature, improves bonding, and promotes weight gain.

Leo’s baby turns his head toward the side when his cheek is touched. What reflex is this?

The rooting reflex, which helps newborns find the breast for feeding.

Samantha’s baby startles when she hears a loud noise and throws out his arms. What reflex is this?

The Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex.

Hannah’s baby moves his legs as if walking when held upright. What is this reflex called?

The stepping reflex, which disappears after a few months.

Ethan wonders why his newborn’s vision seems unfocused. What is the typical vision range for neonates?

Neonates see best at 8-14 inches, which is about the distance to a caregiver’s face.

Emma wants to know why the first milk her baby receives looks yellowish and thick. What is this milk called, and why is it important?

This is colostrum, which is rich in protein and antibodies to strengthen the immune system.

Olivia is struggling to breastfeed and wonders if infant formula is an equal substitute. What does research suggest?

While formula is an option, breastfeeding provides immune protection and cognitive benefits, especially in developing countries.

Carla is HIV-positive. Should she breastfeed her baby?

No, because HIV can be transmitted through breast milk.

Michael’s baby cries for no apparent reason, even after feeding and changing. His doctor says it happens daily and lasts several hours. What condition might this be?

This sounds like colic, defined as crying 3+ hours per day, 3+ days per week, for 3+ weeks.

Liam’s newborn cries often, and his grandmother suggests swaddling. What is swaddling, and how does it help?

Swaddling is wrapping the baby tightly in cloth, which mimics the womb and provides comfort.

In cultures where babies are held frequently, how does this affect crying?

Babies cry less when held or carried constantly.

Mia worries that she didn’t have immediate skin-to-skin contact with her baby after birth. Will this affect bonding?

No, bonding happens over time, and immediate contact is not essential.

Sarah has been feeling extremely sad and anxious for weeks after childbirth, struggling to care for her baby. What might she be experiencing?

Postpartum depression (PPD), a severe mood disorder that affects some mothers after birth.

Jake’s wife has postpartum depression, and he is also feeling overwhelmed and down. Can fathers experience PPD too?

Yes, 4-6% of fathers also experience postpartum depression.

What are risk factors for postpartum depression?

History of depression, lack of social support, financial stress, and relationship conflicts.

What are treatment options for postpartum depression?

Therapy, support groups, and in some cases, medication (though breastfeeding mothers must be cautious with certain antidepressants).

What is the purpose of the Apgar scale, and when is it used?

It assesses newborn health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth based on five factors: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.

What is kangaroo care, and why is it important?

Skin-to-skin contact between baby and parent, which regulates body temperature, improves bonding, and helps weight gain in LBW infants.

What is the Moro reflex, and why do neonates have it?

It is the startle reflex, an evolutionary response to potential danger.

James is a 2-year-old who loves to explore by putting objects in his mouth. Which of Piaget’s stages is he in?

The Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years), where infants learn through senses and motor activities.

At age 4, Sophie enjoys pretend play but struggles with understanding that other people have different viewpoints. Which Piagetian stage is she in?

The Preoperational Stage (2-7 years), where children develop symbolic thinking but lack logical reasoning.

Liam, age 9, understands that the amount of water stays the same even when poured into a different-shaped glass. What Piagetian stage is this?

The Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years), where children grasp conservation and logical thought.

At age 15, Noah can think about abstract ideas, such as justice and hypothetical situations. Which Piagetian stage is he in?

The Formal Operational Stage (11+ years), where abstract reasoning develops.

Emma is 1 year old and relies on her parents to meet her needs. According to Erikson, what crisis is she facing?

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year) – Infants develop trust if caregivers are consistent and responsive.

At age 3, David insists on dressing himself and choosing his snacks. Which Eriksonian stage is this?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) – Toddlers develop independence or feel shame.

A 5-year-old enjoys planning activities, but her parents often scold her for taking too much initiative. Which Erikson stage is affected?

Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) – Children either develop confidence in initiating tasks or feel guilty.

At age 10, Alex enjoys school and learning new skills. What Eriksonian stage is this?

Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years) – Success leads to a sense of competence.

According to Freud, which stage is a 1-year-old in, and what is their main source of pleasure?

The Oral Stage (0-1 year), where pleasure comes from sucking, feeding, and oral exploration.

A toddler is in Freud’s Anal Stage. What behavior might they show?

Potty training struggles, as control over bowel movements is the key challenge.

Freud believed that children aged 3-6 focus on gender identity and parental attachment. What is this stage called?

The Phallic Stage (3-6 years), where children explore gender roles and develop attachment to the opposite-sex parent.

What is Vygotsky’s "Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)”?

The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with guidance.

A teacher provides hints to help a student solve a problem. What Vygotskian strategy is this?

Scaffolding – Providing temporary support that is removed as the child learns.

At birth, a neonate's head is large compared to the body. Why is this?

The brain develops before the rest of the body (cephalocaudal principle).

Why do newborns have soft spots (fontanels) on their skulls?

To allow flexibility during birth and brain growth.

Newborns have a thick, white coating on their skin at birth. What is it called, and what is its function?

Vernix caseosa – It protects the baby’s skin in the womb.

Which sense is the most developed in newborns?

Touch, which helps with bonding and survival.

What is the least developed sense at birth?

Vision – Newborns can only see clearly at 8-14 inches.

Why do newborns prefer sweet tastes?

Breast milk is sweet, and preference for sweetness is evolutionary for nutrition.

A newborn automatically turns toward a touch on their cheek. What reflex is this?

The Rooting Reflex, which helps with breastfeeding.

What is the Moro reflex, and what triggers it?

The startle reflex – The baby flings out arms and legs when startled by a sudden noise or movement.

A neonate grips an adult’s finger tightly when it touches their palm. What is this reflex?

The Grasping Reflex, which helps develop motor skills.

Why do newborns spend 50% of their sleep in REM sleep?

It supports brain development and learning.

Why do neonates wake up every 2-3 hours?

Their small stomachs require frequent feeding.

Sofia, a newborn, has been observed by her mother in a state of “almost crying” that she describes as mild distress, what type of crying is Sofia experiencing?

Fussing - Mild distress

Becca, a newborn, has been observed by her mother in a state of crying where her cries are louder, and more intense than just a little fussy. What type of crying is Becca experiencing?

Anger cry – Louder, more intense.

Ricardo, a newborn, has been observed by his mother in a state of crying where his cries are sudden, and high in pitch. What type of crying is Ricardo experiencing?

Pain cry – Sudden, high-pitched cry.

Ava just found out she is pregnant. Her doctor tells her that the fertilized egg has implanted in her uterus. What stage of prenatal development is this?

This is the Germinal Stage (0-2 weeks), where the zygote implants into the uterine lining.

Ben and Hannah’s baby has started developing a heartbeat and a spinal cord. What stage of development is this, and how far along is she?

The baby is in the Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks), where major organs and the nervous system begin to form.

At 16 weeks, Maria’s baby is kicking, sucking its thumb, and has a fully formed face. What stage is she in?

She is in the Fetal Stage (9 weeks to birth), where body systems mature and movements develop.

Emily and Jake’s fertilized egg has just begun cell division but has not yet attached to the uterine wall. What is this structure called?

This is a zygote, a fertilized egg before implantation.

Liam and Sarah’s fertilized egg successfully implants in the uterus after about 7 days. What is this structure now called?

It is now a blastocyst, ready for embryonic development.

Melissa is 5 weeks pregnant. Her baby has developed a neural tube, a primitive heart, and limb buds. What stage is this?

This is the Embryonic Stage, where the foundations of major organs are forming.

At 7 weeks, Jordan’s baby has webbed fingers and a visible head but is still tiny. Why is this stage so important?

The Embryonic Stage is the most critical for organ development and the highest risk for birth defects.

Claire has been exposed to alcohol in her first 8 weeks of pregnancy. Why is this dangerous?

The Embryonic Stage is when the baby is most vulnerable to teratogens (harmful substances), which can cause birth defects.

Jessica is 10 weeks pregnant and sees her baby moving during an ultrasound. Which stage is her baby in?

The Fetal Stage, where the baby begins to make purposeful movements.

At 14 weeks, Nathan and Lily’s baby’s sex is determined via ultrasound. Why is this possible now?

At 12-14 weeks, genitalia are fully formed and distinguishable.

Alexis is 18 weeks pregnant and feels her baby moving for the first time. What is this sensation called?

Quickening, the first fetal movements a mother can feel.

Melanie has a baby at 13 weeks. Is the baby preterm?

No, at 13 weeks, the baby is still in the first trimester, and survival outside the womb is not possible.

Lucas and Rachel’s baby is born at 25 weeks. What is the likelihood of survival?

At 25 weeks, the baby is very premature but has a 50-80% survival rate with medical care.

At 28 weeks, Olivia’s baby is born prematurely. What key developments help with survival at this stage?

Lung development and surfactant production, which help with breathing, are improving at this stage.

Liam and Emma’s baby is born at 36 weeks. Is the baby considered preterm?

Yes, a baby born before 37 weeks is preterm, but at 36 weeks, the risks are much lower.

At 6 weeks, Kate’s baby’s heart starts beating. Which trimester is she in?

The First Trimester, when the heart and neural tube develop.

At 9 weeks, John’s doctor tells him that his baby has developed all major organs in primitive form. What major transition is happening?

The baby is moving from the Embryonic Stage to the Fetal Stage.

At 20 weeks, Sophia’s doctor tells her that her baby can hear sounds. What trimester is she in?

The Second Trimester, when hearing and facial features develop.

Lydia is 22 weeks pregnant, and her baby has started swallowing amniotic fluid. Why is this important?

Swallowing amniotic fluid helps develop digestion and taste preferences.

At 32 weeks, Jason’s baby is moving less. Why does this happen?

The baby has less space in the womb but is still developing muscle tone.

At 35 weeks, Lucy’s doctor tells her that her baby has fully developed lungs. What does this mean for survival?

The baby is almost ready for birth, and the risk of breathing complications is much lower.

At 4 weeks pregnant, Sara accidentally consumes a high amount of alcohol. Why is this concerning?

The Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks) is when the central nervous system and organs are forming, making the baby very vulnerable to alcohol.

Rachel is exposed to a virus at 7 months pregnant. Why is her baby at lower risk than if she were 7 weeks pregnant?

By the third trimester, the organs are mostly developed, so the risk of severe structural birth defects is lower.

Mia has high stress levels throughout her pregnancy. How can this affect the baby?

Chronic maternal stress can lead to preterm birth and low birth weight.

At what stage does the placenta develop and begin providing nutrients?

The Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks).

What is the purpose of the amniotic fluid?

It protects the fetus, regulates temperature, and aids in movement.

When do fetal movements become strong enough for the mother to feel?

Around 16-20 weeks (Quickening).

What is the most crucial stage for preventing birth defects?

The Embryonic Stage (3-8 weeks), when major organs are forming.

A baby is born at 34 weeks. Which of the following issues is most likely?

High risk of breathing problems and temperature instability – the baby may lack surfactant, which helps with lung function.