CRIM 2 PRELIMS

Revised Penal Code Book 2 Articles 114- RA 9165

Treason

A crime involving the betrayal of one's country, specifically by levying war against it or aiding its enemies.

Elements of Treason

1. The offender is a Filipino Citizen or an alien residing in the Philippines; 2. There is a war in which the Philippines is involved; 3. The offender either levies war against the government or adheres to the enemies, giving them aid or comfort.

Public Officer

An individual holding an office or position in government, charged with public duties.

Espionage

The act of gathering, transmitting, or losing information about national defense for the advantage of a foreign nation or disadvantage of one's own country.

Treason Penalties

A Filipino citizen committing treason is punished by reclusion perpetua to death, while an alien committing treason is punished by reclusion temporal to death.

Levying War

The assembling of men for the purpose of executing a treasonable design by force, directed against the government.

Aid and Comfort

Actions that provide support to an enemy, constituting treason when there is intention to help an enemy.

Adherence to the Enemy

The act of supporting or aligning with the enemy in conflict, which in conjunction with providing aid constitutes treason.

Two-Witness Rule

In treason cases, there must be at least two witnesses to the same overt act or the confession of the accused in open court.

Conspiracy to Commit Treason

The agreement between two or more persons to levy war against the government during a time of war, punishable by prisión mayor and a fine.

Misprision of Treason

The failure to disclose knowledge of treason to the authorities, punishable as an accessory to the crime of treason.

Public Disorder

Any serious disturbance in a public place, office, or establishment that interrupts public performances, functions, or gatherings.

Sedition

Rising publicly and tumultuously to attain certain objectives against the lawful authority, outside legal methods.

Direct Assault

Employing force or intimidation against a person in authority while they are engaged in the performance of official duties.

False Testimony

Testifying under oath with the intent to deceive about any material matter before a competent authority.

Perjury

A willful act of giving false testimony while under oath or affirmation, applicable in various legal proceedings.

Illegal Use of Uniforms

The unauthorized use of official insignia, uniforms, or emblems of an office not held by the individual.

Dangerous Drugs

Substances classified under laws prohibiting their use, sale, or distribution without legal authority.

Planting Evidence

The act of intentionally inserting or placing incriminating evidence in the possession of an innocent individual.

Control of Public Order

Efforts made by public authorities to maintain and restore order during public disturbances or unrest.

Commission of Another Crime

The act of committing a felony while serving a sentence for a previous crime, punished strictly under the law.

Arbitrary Detention

Unlawful detention of a person by public officials without legal grounds.

Falsification of Documents

The act of altering or making false public or private documents with intent to deceive.

Frauds in Commerce

Unlawful acts in trade that misrepresent goods or services, including misbranding or illegal sales.

Counterfeit Currency

The production of imitation banknotes or coins intended to deceive by appearing as legitimate currency.

Use of Falsified Documents

Presenting or utilizing documents that were forged or falsified with knowledge of their inauthenticity.

Unlawful Possession of Firearms

The illegal acquisition, possession, or use of firearms or ammunition without proper authorization.

Racial Discrimination in Legal Proceedings

Judicial actions that unfairly disadvantage individuals based on race or ethnicity, leading to wrongful convictions.