Sec sem Chapter 11 science

Reproduction

• process that ensures the survival of species

DNA

• the cells of all living things contain a special molecule

• Provide instructions for making protein molecules

Asexual reproduction

• single parent produces offspring that are identical to the parent

Sexual reproduction

• 2 parents are required to produce offspring whose traits come from both parents

Flowering plants or Angiosperms

• adapted for sexual reproduction

Angiosperms

• have separate structures for producing male and female gametes

Pollen grains

• male gametophyte

Embryo sac

• female gametophyte

Pollination

• transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the pistil

Self- pollination

• occurs when pollen falls from the anther into the stigma of the same flower

Cross- pollination

• transfer of pollen to another plant of the same species

Double fertilization

• fertilization in angiosperms is a complex process in which 2 Sperm cells are utilized

Ovary

• contains the egg cells and the polar nuclei

Zygote

• diploid

• Cell that results from the fusion of gametes

Seeds

• enable plant species to survive in unfavorable environments

Fruit

• enlarged ovary of a flowering plant that contains seeds

Perianth

• outer structure of a flower normally withers and droops

Clones

• offspring produced by asexual reproduction

Vegetative prapagation

• naturally occurring production of new plants from nonreproductive plants parts

Artificial propagation

• human manipukates the process of vegetative propagation in plants

Stem cutting

• cut stem is partially buried in the soil and treated with special rooting mixtures

Grafting

• stems are used

• Creating new plants by growing on plants that have strong root system

Budding

• buds are used as scions that are attached to parent plant

Stationary

• unable to move

Fertilization

• when an egg’s nucleus unites with the sperms nucleus, zygote is formed

Hydra

• live in freshwater lakes, ponds and streams

• Develops a bud that is attached to the parent until it is fully formed

• Cover is an adaptation that protects the embryo

Hydras

• generally reproduce asexually during warm weather

Zygote

• fertilized egg

Sponges

• reproduce sexually and asexually

• Parent sponge breaks into fragments and fragments grows into a new sponge

Jellyfish

• belong to phylum Cnidaria

Polyp stage

• Vase shaped stage in life cycle of a cnidaria

Medusa stage

• stage in a life cycle of cnidaria

Polyp

• planula settles and attaches to ocean floor

Strobilation

• polyp grows, it forms into the medusa

• Reproductive structures are formed

Fragmentation

• another type of asexual reproduction in simple animals

• Organism breaks into 2 or more parts which may grow into separate individual

Starfish

• animals that can reproduce by fragmentation

Flatworms

• planaria

• Reproduce asexually by regeneration

• Also reproduce sexually

• Hemaphrodites

Hermaphrodites

• organisms having both male and female reproductive organs

Annelids

• earthworms and leeches

• Reproduce sexually

Earthworm

• hermaphrodites but an individual worm cannot fertilize its own egg

Mollusks

• land snails

• Hermophroditic

Cephalopods

• squids have separate sexes

Arthropods

• spiders, insects, centipedes, scorpions, shrimps, crabs and lobsters

• Most of these ate insects

• Usually involved metaphorposis

Metamorphosis

• process of transforming in a different shape and form

Incomplete metamorphosis

• young look like the adults

Nymphs

• young

• Gradually acquire adult structures such as wings and functional sex organs

Complete metamorphosis

• bees, moths, beetles

• Lay eggs that hatch into larvae that look different from adults

Vertebrates

• Undergo sexual reproduction which starts with feetilization

External fertilization

• some fishes and amphibians

• Sperms fertilize egg outside the female body

Internal fertilization

• egg and sperm join inside the females body

Reptiles

• lay eggs on land

Chorion

• embryo within the reptile eggs are each surrounded by watertight protective membrane

• Allows oxygen to enter the egg and carbon dioxide to leave

Amnion

• encloses the embryo within watery environment

Amniotic egg

• kind of waterlight, fluid filled egg

yolk

• egg is provided with large amount of rich food for the embryo

Amniotic egg

• found in birds and mammals

Monotremes

• Primitive mammals

• Oviporous and lay eggs like reptiles

• Duck billed platypus and echidna

Marsupials

• kangaroo

• Vivioarous and bear young alive

Marsupium

• young crawls into its mother’s pouch

Genes

• control all your traits

DNA

• directs the cell to make proteins that determine the characteristics of the cell

Proteins

• tools of hereditary

Protein synthesis

• formation of proteins using the information coded on DNA and carried out by RNA

Polypeptides

• protein molecule is made uonof one or more polymers

• Consisting of a specific sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Messenger RNA or mRNA

• Takes the genetic information from sections of the DNA from nucleus out into cytoplasm

Blueprint

• copies of particular genes within DNA instructions are sent out into cytoplasm to direct the assembly of proteins

Nucleotides

• DNA is made of 4 subunits

Purines

• adenine (A)

• Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines

• cytosine (C)

• Thymine (T)

Chargaff’s rule

• adenine on one side always pairs uo with thymine on the other side while guanine always pairs up with cytosine

Ribonucleic acid

• RNA

• DNA is used as blueprint to make similar molecule

Gene expression

• use of genetic information in dna to make proteins

Transcription

• an RNA copy of a gene is made

Uracil

• nitrogen base

Translation

• 3 different kinds of RNA work together

Promoter side

• gene is copied from a fixed datrting position

RNA polymerase

• enzyme binds to ine stand of the DNA double helix and moves along the DNA strand

Codon

• nucleotide triplet in mRNA

Translation

• process of assembling protein molecules from information encoded in mRNA

Anticodon

• set of 3 nitrogen bases, which are complementary to the bases on the mRNA

Amino acids

• all the proteins in body are made from protein building blocks

Mutation

• occurs when there is change in order of the bases in organisms DNA

Deletion

• base is left out

Insertion

• extra base might be added

Substitution

• incorrect base replaces a correct base

Genetic engineering

• transferring genes from one organisms to another organism

• Used to manufacture proteins, repair damaged genes and identify individuals who carry allele for disease

Transgenic

• inserted gene from another species

Transgene

• inserted gene

Selective breeding

• choosing and breeding an organism with desired traits

Recombinant

• when gene of one organism arenput into another using genetic engineering