Ant 363 midterm

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57 Terms

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Anthropology
The study of humans, their societies, cultures, and their development.
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Archaeology
The branch of anthropology that studies past human behavior through material remains.
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Culture
The social behavior, norms, values, and traditions developed by societies.
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Artifact
Any object made or used by humans, often found during archaeological excavations.
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Historical Archaeology
The study of past societies through their material remains in conjunction with historical records.
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Stratigraphy
The analysis of the order and position of layers of archaeological remains.
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Sites
Specific locations where archaeological material is found.
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Scale
The size or level of detail at which archaeological research is conducted.
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Random Sampling
A sampling method where each member of a population has an equal chance of selection.
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Non-Random Sampling
A sampling method that does not give all individuals equal chances, often based on specific criteria.
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Survey
A systematic examination of a geographical area to locate archaeological sites.
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Survey Visibility
The ease with which archaeological remains can be seen and located during a survey.
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Excavation
The systematic digging to reveal and record archaeological deposits and features.
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Logical Deduction
The process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion.
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Three Age System
A framework for classifying prehistoric societies into Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages.
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Speculative Phase
The early stage in archaeology focused on ideas and theories without firm evidence.
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Traditional Archaeology
An approach that emphasizes cultural history and artifact descriptions.
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Processual Archaeology
An approach that focuses on the scientific method, explanations, and generalizations.
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Post-Processual Archaeology
An approach stressing the interpretation of cultural meaning and individual agency.
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Midwestern Taxonomic System
A classification system for North American archaeological cultures.
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Harris Matrix
A tool used to represent the stratigraphic relationships of archaeological layers.
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Assemblage
A collection of artifacts from a particular archaeological context.
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Lewis Binford
An influential archaeologist known for his work in processual archaeology.
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Ian Hodder
An archaeological theorist associated with post-processual archaeology.
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Ecofacts
Natural items that provide information about past human activity.
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Feature
A non-portable archaeological evidence, such as a wall or a hearth.
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Matrix
The material context in which artifacts are found, typically soil.
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Provenance
The origin or source of an artifact, including its history and context.
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Association
The relationship between artifacts or ecofacts found in the same context.
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Types of Preservation on Organic Remains
Methods such as freezing, drying, and chemical preservation to maintain organic materials.
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Cultural Resource Management
Practices aimed at protecting and managing archaeological sites.
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Goals of Archaeology
To understand past human behaviors, cultures, and societies through scientific methods.
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LiDAR
Light Detection and Ranging, a remote sensing method used to map land features.
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Electromagnetics
Techniques used in archaeology for subsurface exploration.
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Aerial Reconnaissance
The observation and mapping of archaeological sites from the air.
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Ground Reconnaissance
The examination of archaeological sites and features on foot.
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Theodolite
An instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
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Seriation
The ordering of artifacts in a sequence based on their characteristics.
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Shovel Test Pit
A method of subsurface testing for archaeological sites using shovel-excavated pits.
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GPR
Ground Penetrating Radar, a geophysical method used to detect subsurface structures.
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Chronology
The arrangement of events or artifacts in a timeline.
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Dendrochronology
The science of dating tree rings to determine the age of wooden artifacts or events.
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Carbon Dating
A method for determining the age of organic materials using radioactive decay.
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Thermoluminescence
A dating method for ceramics and sediments based on the last time they were heated.
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Paleomagnetism
The study of the magnetic properties of prehistoric materials to date them.
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Cosmogenic Nuclide Burial Dating
A dating method based on the accumulation of isotopes produced by cosmic rays.
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Uranium/Thorium Dating
A radiometric dating technique based on the decay of uranium and thorium isotopes.
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Clovis
An early North American archaeological culture characterized by distinctive stone tools.
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Lenape
A Native American people originally from the Delaware Valley.
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Artifact Analysis
The examination and interpretation of artifacts to ascertain their function and importance.
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Excavation
The process of digging carefully at archaeological sites to uncover artifacts and features.
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Aerial Photography
Taking photographs of the earth's surface from an elevated position for archaeological analysis.
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Absolute Date
A specific date or date range for an event or artifact.
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Relative Date
The age of a fossil or artifact in comparison to other fossils or artifacts.
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Dumpy Level
An optical instrument used for surveying and leveling ground.
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William Green House
A specific archaeological site or structure of interest.
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Burlington Island
An archaeological site that may contain historical artifacts.