EUKARYOTES

Cristae

Folds on the inner membrane that hold the enzymes and electron carries of aerobic respiration

Eukaryotic Flagella

Structurally complex, long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow microtubules, 9+2 arrangements, with oar-like motion

Polyribosomes

Short chains of ribosomes scattered freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

Matrix

Holds ribosomes, DNA, enzymes, and other compounds used in metabolism

Nucleolus

Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

Lysosomes

Organelle that originates from the Golgi apparatus and contains a variety of enzymes, functioning in intracellular digestion of food and protection against microorganisms

Nuclear Envelope

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Cell Wall

Rigid structure in fungi and algae that prevents cell lysis, makes cell stable, and provides structural support and shape

Smooth ER

Synthesis and storage of non-protein molecules

Photosynthesis

The conversion of energy by the use of sunlight to chemical energy

Golgi Apparatus

Site of protein modification and transport; also known as the packaging house

Opportunistic Microorganism

Microorganism that is not pathogenic normally but becomes pathogenic in a host with a weak immune system

Hyphae

Filamentous fungi or molds' long, threadlike cells

Mycelium

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

Septa

Cross walls dividing hyphae into segments

Spores

Fungal reproductive bodies

Sporangiospores

Formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium

Conidiospores/Conidia

Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

Mucormycetes

A serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds

Protists

Any eukaryotic unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues

Pseudopods

Amoeboid motion, also known as sliding motion, involves false feet that serve as feeding structures.

Conjugation

Form of genetic exchange between two cells fuse temporarily and exchange micronuclei.

Parasitology

Study of protozoa and helminths

Parasites

Term used to denote protozoan and helminth pathogens

Intermediate

Host in which larval development occurs

Definitive

Host in which adulthood and mating occur

Macroscopic fungi

Fungi visible to the naked eye, including mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi.

Microscopic fungi

Fungi only visible with magnification, including molds and yeasts.

Yeast cell

Round to oval shape and use asexual reproduction called budding

pseudohyphae

A chain of yeast cells.

Dimorphic

Fungi that can exist in either yeast or mold form, depending on growth conditions.

Heterotrophic

Acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substances and utilize fungi.

Saprobes

Organisms that obtain substrates from dead plants and animals.

Sporangiospores

Spores formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium.

Sexual spores

The primary purpose is to introduce genetic variation.

Histoplasmosis

A fungal infection causing symptoms that affect the lungs and respiratory tract.

Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)

A fungal infection caused by a fungus that lives in dust and soil, particularly in the southwestern United States.

Candidiasis

A yeast infection caused by a yeast that is normal biota on human mucosal surfaces.

Free-living species

Scavenge dead plant and animal debris.

Parasitic species

Live on the fluids of the host, such as plasma and digestive juices.

Flagella

Vary in number from one to several, with a whipping motion

Cilia

Distributed over the entire surface of the cell in characteristic patterns, ciliary motion

Protozoa life cycle step 1

Trophozoite, active, feeding stage

Protozoa life cycle step 2

Cell rounds up, loses motility

Protozoa life cycle step 3

Cyst wall breaks open

Protozoa life cycle step 4

Trophozoite is reactivated

Protozoa life cycle step 5

Mature cyst, dormant, resting stage

Mitosis

Protozoans reproduce via simple asexual methods, usually by what method?

Trematodes

Flukes

Cestodes

tapeworms

definitive host

Humans are the

Helminth

Multicellular(adults). Unicellular(ova,larva)

CELL WALL: Protozoa

None

CELL WALL: Fungi

Chitin or cellulose

CELL WALL: Algae

cellulose

CELL WALL: Helminth

None

CELL WALL: Human

None

NUTRITIONAL TYPE: Fungi

Heterotrophic

NUTRITIONAL TYPE: Algae

Autotrophic

MOTILITY: Fungi

Flagella (Gametes)

IMPORTANT STRUCTURE FOR IDENTIFICATION: Algae

chloroplast

IMPORTANT STRUCTURE FOR IDENTIFICATION: Fungi

Hpyhae/spores

Endosymbiotic

Cells that became trapped in larger cells

Lysosomes

are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

Sporangiospores

Asexual spores contained in a sac-like head

Algae

Produces about 70% of the earth’s oxygen

Naegleria fowleri

Amoeba that lives in warm freshwater, and if the freshwater is forced up a person’s nose, the amoeba can invade the brain. The resulting infection is nearly 100% fatal.

Last Common Ancestor (LCA)

The concept where bacterial and eukaryotic cells emerged from an earlier, now-extinct, cell type.

Tissues

Groups of cells in multicellular organisms that have a specific function.

Organs

Structures formed by groups of tissues working together.

Cytoplasmic Membrane

The cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, containing phospholipids and sterols for stability.

Nucleus

A compact sphere separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope, containing the nucleolus and chromatin.

Chromatin

Network of dark fibers in the nucleoplasm, consisting of DNA and histone proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A microscopic series of tunnels used for transport and storage within the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

The site in the cell where proteins are modified and sent to their final destinations.

Lysosome

A vesicle originating from the Golgi apparatus, containing enzymes for digestion and protection against microorganisms.

Vacuoles

Membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles for digestion, excretion, or storage.

Aerobic Respiration

An oxygen-using process that extracts chemical energy from nutrient molecules and stores it as ATP.

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in algae and plant cells that convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Cytoskeleton

The flexible framework of molecules crisscrossing the cytoplasm, anchoring organelles and permitting movement.

Pseudohypha

A chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in a row.

Heterotrophic

Acquiring nutrients from a wide variety of organic materials.

Saprobes

Obtaining substrates from the remnants of dead plants and animals.

Parasites

Living on the bodies of living animals or plants.

Mycoses

Animal (including human) diseases caused by fungi.

Vegetative Hyphae

Hyphae responsible for the visible mass of growth and penetration of a substrate to digest and absorb nutrients.

Reproductive Hyphae

Hyphae responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies called spores.

Asexual Spores

Products of mitotic division of a single parent cell.

Sexual Spores

Formed through the fusing of two parental nuclei followed by meiosis.

Sporangiospores

Formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium.

Conidiospores (Conidia)

Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.

CDC

A campaign against five neglected parasitic infections (NPIs) in the United States to address relatively rare infections

Trypanosoma brucei

Causative agent of “sleeping sickness”.

Trophozoites

Cells when they are in their motile feeding stage

Cyst

A dormant, resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable for growth and feeding

Enterobius vermicularis

A roundworm that causes a very common infestation of the large intestine

Last Common Ancestor (LCA)

The precursor from which bacteria and eukaryotes evolved; neither eukaryotic nor prokaryotic.

Endosymbiosis

The theory explaining the origin of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts through bacterial/archaeal cells parasitizing a descendant of the LCA.

Multicellular organisms

Organisms that evolved when cells lost the ability to survive apart from the colony, exhibiting high levels of organization.

Protozoa

Always unicellular eukaryotic organisms.